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Contents
- Preliminary Material
- Main Text
- Introduction
- I Historical Overview of the Eritrea-Ethiopia War
- II Options for Remedying War-Related Injury
- III Establishment of The Claims Commission: Procedures, Jurisdiction, and Applicable Law
- A Establishment of the Commission
- B Rules of Procedure
- C Cross-Cutting Decisions
- D Types of Relief
- E Requests for Interpretation
- F Damages
- G Arbitrators
- H Counsel for the Governments
- I Conclusion
- IV Initiation of War
- A Jurisdiction Over the Jus Ad Bellum Claim
- B Claim That the Jus Ad Bellum Was Violated
- C Commission’s Conclusion that the Jus ad Bellum Was Violated
- D Unsuccessful Defenses
- 1 A State May Not Use Armed Force to Seize Disputed Territory Peacefully Occupied by Another State
- 2 A State May Not Use Armed Force in Response to Geographically Limited Clashes Between Patrols Along an Unmarked and Disputed Border
- 3 A State May Not Use Armed Force Solely as a Reaction to Another State’s Declaration that It Will Act in Self-Defense
- E Scope of Damages for the Jus ad Bellum Violation
- 1 Parties’ Radically Different Positions
- 2 Proximate Causation and Jus ad Bellum Damages
- 3 Fixed-Amount Compensation for Widespread Injury to the Civilian Population Caused by Lawful Military Activities of Either Belligerent
- a Losses Suffered by Persons Internally Displaced by the War
- b Civilian Deaths and Injuries from Lawful Military Activities
- c Damage to Housing Principally from Artillery Shelling
- d Damage to Public Buildings and Infrastructure
- e Damage to Religious Institutions
- f Damage for the Destruction of a City from Shelling
- g Deaths and Injuries Caused by Lawful Use of Landmines
- h Death of Prisoners of War Not Related to Mistreatment
- i Losses from the Return of Nationals from the Enemy State
- j Loss of Tourism
- 4 Actual-Amount Compensation for More Discrete Loss
- a Business, Government, and Nongovernmental Organization Losses Along the War-Fronts
- b Harm to Natural Resources and the Environment
- c Collateral Civilian Damage Caused by Lawful Aerial Bombardment
- d Loss of Property at Ports Not Related to Unlawful Seizure
- e Economic Loss Incurred by the Airline Industry
- f Loss of Foreign Aid
- g Loss of Investment in the Local Economy
- h Losses Incurred from Governmental Assistance to Displaced Persons
- F Conclusion
- V Battlefield Conduct and Belligerent Occupation
- A Applicable Law
- B Evidence and Organization of Claims
- C Physical and Mental Abuse of Civilians
- 1 Types of Physical and Mental Abuse Claimed by the Parties
- 2 Commission’s Disposition of Specific Types of Physical and Mental Abuse
- 3 Methodology for Calculating Damages for Physical Abuse
- D Looting of Private and Public Property
- E Destruction of Private and Public Property
- 1 Evidence Relied on in Support of Claims
- 2 Defenses
- 3 Destruction of Cultural Property—Stela of Matara
- 4 Commission’s Approach to Calculating Compensation for Property Damage and Destruction
- F Environmental Damage
- G Use of Landmines
- H Artillery Shelling
- I Displacement of Civilians
- J Conclusion
- VI Aerial Bombardment
- A Jurisdiction
- B Applicable Law
- C Evidence and Organization of Claims
- D Disproportionate and Indiscriminate Air Campaigns
- E Bombardment of Airfields
- F Bombardment of Civilian Neighborhood Incidental to Attack on Airfield
- G Bombardment of Military Transport Corridor
- H Bombardment of Electric Power Station
- I Bombardment of Water Reservoir
- J Conclusion
- VII Prisoners of War
- A Jurisdiction
- B Applicable Law
- C Evidence and Organization of Claims
- D Role of the International Committee of the Red Cross
- E Training of Armed Forces Regarding the Laws of War
- F Mistreatment Outside the Camps
- G Mistreatment Inside the Camps
- H Delayed Repatriation
- I Damages
- J Conclusion
- VIII Enemy Aliens and Property
- A Jurisdiction and Admissibility
- B Applicable Law
- C Evidence and Organization of Claims
- D Deprivation of Nationality
- 1 Enemy Alien of Dual Nationality Denationalized When Being Expelled to the Enemy State for Security Reasons
- 2 Enemy Alien of Dual Nationality Denationalized After Departing for the Enemy State
- 3 Enemy Alien of Dual Nationality Denationalized While Remaining in Place
- 4 Enemy Alien of Dual Nationality Denationalized While in a Third Country
- 5 Enemy Alien of Dual Nationality Denationalized While Residing in Enemy State
- 6 Enemy Alien of Dual Nationality Denationalized for Reasons Other Than Security
- 7 Denationalization of a Belligerent’s Own Nationals
- E Expulsion
- F Detention of Enemy Aliens
- G Abuse of Enemy Aliens Not in Detention
- H Seizure of or Interference with Property of Enemy Aliens
- I Conclusion
- IX Diplomatic Relations
- A Jurisdiction
- B Applicable Law
- C Evidence Used in Support of Claims
- D Mistreatment of Diplomatic Personnel and Local Service Staff
- E Interference with Embassy Operations
- F Expulsion of Diplomatic Agents and Staff
- G Seizure of Embassy Residence
- H Interference with a State’s Participation in International Organizations
- I Remedies for Violations of Diplomatic Law
- J Conclusion
- X Economic Loss
- XI Lessons Learned
- Further Material
- Selected Bibliography
- Annex 1 Agreement on Cessation of Hostilities (June 18, 2000)
- Annex 2 December 2000 Algiers Agreement (Dec. 12, 2000)
- Annex 3 Decision 1 (Aug. 2001)
- Annex 4 Decision 2 (Aug. 2001)
- Annex 5 Decision 3 (Aug. 2001)
- Annex 6 Decision 4 (Aug. 2001)
- Annex 7 Decision 5 (Aug. 2001)
- Annex 8 Decision 6 (Aug. 2001)
- Annex 9 Decision 7 (July 27, 2007)
- Annex 10 Decision 8 (July 27, 2007)
- Annex 11 Central Front Partial Award—Eritrea’s Claims (Apr. 28, 2004)
- Annex 12 Central Front Partial Award—Ethiopia’s Claims (Apr. 28, 2004)
- Table of Contents
- I Introduction
- II Proceedings
- III Jurisdiction
- IV The Merits
- V Award
- Annex 13 Civilians Claims Partial Award—Eritrea’s Claims (Dec. 17, 2004)
- Table of Contents
- I Introduction
- II Factual Background
- III Jurisdiction
- IV Applicable Law
- V Evidence
- VI Eritrea’s Claims: Introductory Observations
- VII Eritrea’s Claim for Deprivation of Nationality
- VIII Eritrea’s Claim for Expulsion
- IX Detention Without Due Process
- X Deprivation of Property
- XI Family Separation
- XII Claims on Behalf of Specific Individuals
- XIII Award
- Annex 14 Civilians Claims Partial Award—Ethiopia’s Claim (Dec. 17, 2004)
- Table of Contents
- I Introduction
- II Factual Background
- III Jurisdiction
- IV Applicable Law
- V Evidence
- VI Ethiopia’s Claims
- 37
- 38
- 39
- A Physical and Mental Abuse Out of Detention
- B Other Unlawful Treatment Out of Detention
- C Confiscation and Discriminatory Levies
- D Unlawful Arrest, Detentions and Internment Prior to May 2000
- E. & F Physical and Mental Abuse and Unlawful Conditions of Detention
- G Expulsion Under Inhumane Conditions
- VII Claims After May 2000
- VIII Award
- Annex 15 Damages Claims Final Award—Eritrea’s Claims (Aug. 17, 2009)
- Table of Contents
- I Introduction
- II Procedural Aspects of the Damages Phase
- III The Parties’ Situations
- IV Applicable Legal Principles
- V Assessing Compensation and Technical Financial Issues
- VI Eritrea’s Group Number One Damages Claims
- A The Commission’s Liability Findings
- B Loss of Personal and Business Property
- C Damage to or Destruction of Buildings
- D Claim for Consequential Damages
- E Damage to Cultural Property
- F Prisoners of War
- G Rape
- H Displacement of the Population of Awgaro
- VII Eritrea’s Group Number Two Damages Claims
- A The Commission’s Liability Findings
- B Non-Responsibility for Claims of Nationals; Dominant and Effective Nationality
- C Deprivation of Nationality
- D Wrongful Expulsion
- E Harsh Conditions of Departure
- F Property Losses By Persons Previously Residing in Ethiopia
- G Property Losses By Non-Residents
- H Other Non-Resident Property
- I Unlawful Detention of Eritrean Civilians
- J Diplomatic Claim
- VIII Individual Claims
- IX Award
- Annex 16 Damages Claim Final Award—Ethiopia’s Claims (Aug. 17, 2009)
- Table of Contents
- I Introduction
- II Procedural Aspects of the Damages Phase
- III The Parties’ Situations
- IV Applicable Legal Principles
- V Assessing Compensation and Technical Financial Issues
- VI The Commission’s Liability Findings and the Structure of Ethiopia’s Damages Claims
- VII Moral Damages Claims
- VIII Fixed-Sum jus in bello Damages Claims
- IX Actual Amount Jus in Bello Damages Claims
- X Ethiopia’s Other Jus in Bello Compensation Claims
- XI Ethiopia’s Claims for Compensation for Eritrea’s Violation of the Jus ad Bellum
- A Introduction
- B Ethiopia’s Jus Ad Bellum Claims—The Scope of Liability
- C Determining the Amount of Jus Ad Bellum Compensation
- D Fixed Amount Compensation (Ethiopia’s Categories 1–5)
- E Damage to Civilian Property, Primarily From Shelling (Category 4)
- F Deaths and Injuries Caused by Landmines (Category 5)
- G Business Losses and Other Actual Amount Damages (Category 6)
- H Harm to Natural Resources and the Environment (Category 7)
- I The Mekele Bombings (Category 8)
- J Prisoners of War (Categories 9 & 10)
- K Departures from Eritrea (Category 11)
- L Ports Claim (Category 12)
- M Ethiopian Airlines (Category 14)
- N Loss of Tourism, International Development Assistance, and Foreign and Domestic Investment (Categories 15, 16 & 17)
- O Reconstruction and Assistance (Categories 18, 19 & 20)
- XII Award
- Annex 17 Diplomatic Claim Partial Award—Eritrea’s Claim (Dec. 19, 2005)
- Table of Contents
- I Introduction
- II Proceedings
- III Jurisdiction
- IV The Merits
- IV Award
- Annex 18 Diplomatic Claim Partial Award—Ethiopia’s Claim (Dec. 19, 2005)
- Table of Contents
- I Introduction
- II Proceedings
- III Jurisdiction
- IV The Merits
- V Award
- Annex 19 Economic Loss Throughout Ethiopia Partial Award—Ethiopia’s Claim (Dec. 19, 2005)
- Annex 20 Jus ad Bellum Partial Award—Ethiopia’s Claims (Dec. 19, 2005)
- Annex 21 Loss of Property in Ethiopia Owned by Non-Residents Partial Award—Eritrea’s Claim (Dec. 19, 2005)
- Annex 22 Pensions Final Award—Eritrea’s Claims (Dec. 19, 2005)
- Annex 23 Ports Final Award—Ethiopia’s Claim (Dec. 19, 2005)
- Annex 24 Prisoners of War Partial Award—Eritrea’s Claim (July 1, 2003)
- Table of Contents
- I Introduction
- II Proceedings
- III Jurisdiction
- IV The Merits
- A Applicable Law
- B Evidentiary Issues
- C Violations of the Law
- 1 Organizational Comment
- 2 Mistreatment of POWs at Capture and its Immediate Aftermath
- 3 Taking of the Personal Property of POWs
- 4 Physical and Mental Abuse of POWs in Camps
- 5 Unhealthy Conditions in Camps
- 6 Inadequate Medical Care in Camps
- 7 Unlawful Assault on Female POWs
- 8 Delayed Repatriation of POWs
- V Award
- Annex 25 Prisoners of War Partial Award—Ethiopia’s Claim (July 1, 2003)
- Table of Contents
- I Introduction
- II Proceedings
- III Jurisdiction
- IV The Merits
- A Applicable Law
- B Evidentiary Issues
- C Violations of the Law
- 1 Organizational Comment
- 2 Eritrea’s Refusal to Permit the ICRC to Visit POWs
- 3 Mistreatment of POWs at Capture and its Immediate Aftermath
- 4 Physical and Mental Abuse in POW Camps
- 5 Unhealthy Conditions in Camps
- 6 Inadequate Medical Care in Camps
- 7 Unlawful Conditions of Labor
- 8 Conditions of Transfer Between Camps
- 9 Treatment of the Dead
- 10 Failure to Post Camp Rules and Allow Complaints
- V Award
- Annex 26 Western Front, Aerial Bombardment and Related Claims Partial Award—Eritrea’s Claims (Dec. 19, 2005)
- Table of Contents
- I Introduction
- II Proceedings
- III Applicable Law
- IV The Western Front (Eritrea’s Claims 1, 3, 5 and 9–13)
- C Introduction
- V Unlawful Aerial Bombardment (Eritrea’s Claim 26)
- VI Aerial Bombardment of Hirgigo Power Station (Eritrea’s Claim 25)
- VII Preventing Displaced Persons From Returning (Eritrea’s Claim 14)
- VIII Displacement of Civilians (Eritrea’s Claim 21)
- IX Combined Award Sections
- A Award in Eritrea’s Claims 1, 3, 5 and 9–13: Western Front
- B Award in Eritrea’s Claim 26: Unlawful Aerial Bombardment
- C Award in Eritrea’s Claim 25: Aerial Bombardment of Hirgigo Power Station
- D Award in Eritrea’s Claim 14: Preventing Displaced Persons from Returning
- E Award in Eritrea’s Claim 21: Displacement of Civilians
- Separate Opinion of President van Houtte Relating to Claim 25
- Annex 27 Western and Eastern Fronts Partial Award—Ethiopia’s Claims (Dec. 19, 2005)
- Table of Contents
- I Introduction
- II Proceedings
- III Jurisdiction
- IV Applicable Law
- V Evidentiary Issues
- VI The Western Front (Ethiopia’s Claim 1)
- VII Eastern Front (Ethiopia’s Claim 3)
- VIII Combined Award Sections
- Annex 28 Commission’s Rules of Procedure (Oct. 2001)
- Chapter One: Rules Applicable to all Proceedings
- Section III—Arbitral Proceedings
- Chapter Two: Procedures for Individual Consideration of Claims
- Chapter Three: Mass Claims Procedures
- Annex 29 Timeline of Key Events
- Author Biographical Information for Litigating War
- Index of Treaties
- Index of Cases
- Index
