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- Preliminary Material
- Dedication
- Foreword
- Preface
- Acknowledgements
- IMO International Maritime Law Institute
- Table of Contents
- Table Of Cases
- Table of Legislation
- International Instruments
- Bilateral Treaties And Agreements
- Declarations
- Rules, Guidelines And Codes
- IMO Resolutions
- Itlos Resolutions
- United Nations Resolutions
- European Union
- Domestic Legislation
- Algeria
- Argentina
- Bahamas
- Barbados
- Brazil
- Bulgaria
- Canada
- Chile
- Columbia
- Croatia
- Cuba
- Cyprus
- Denmark
- France
- Germany
- Guatemala
- Iceland
- India
- Indonesia
- Italy
- Japan
- Kenya
- Lebanon
- Libya
- Malaysia
- Maldives
- Malta
- Mauritius
- Mexico
- Morocco
- Myanmar
- Netherlands
- Norway
- Pakistan
- Peru
- Philippines
- Poland
- Romania
- Russian Federation
- Sáo Tomé and Principe
- Seychelles
- Slovenia
- Spain
- Sri Lanka
- Syria
- Thailand
- Tunisia
- Ukraine
- United Kingdom
- United States
- Venezuela
- Vietnam
- Yemen
- International Instruments
- List of Abbreviations
- List of Contributors
- Introduction
- Main Text
- 1 Coastal Waters
- 2 Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone
- 2.1 Introduction
- 2.2 The Territorial Sea Maritime Zone
- 2.2.1 The territorial sea and State sovereignty
- 2.2.2 Innocent passage in the territorial sea
- (a) The curtailment of a State’s sovereignty
- (b) Right of innocent passage
- (c) Meaning of passage
- (d) Exceptions to a ‘continuous and expeditious’ passage
- (e) Meaning of innocence
- (f) Submarines and other underwater vehicles
- (g) Laws and regulations of the coastal State and their publicity
- (h) Sea lanes and traffic separation schemes in the territorial sea
- (i) Duties and rights of protection of the coastal State
- (j) Temporary suspension of innocent passage
- (k) Charges
- 2.2.3 Rules of criminal and civil jurisdiction
- 2.3 The Contiguous Zone
- 2.3.1 Control versus sovereignty with reference to the contiguous zone
- 2.3.2 Enforcement jurisdiction of the coastal State in the contiguous zone
- 2.3.3 Claiming a contiguous zone
- 2.3.4 Overlaps between the contiguous zone and other maritime regimes
- 2.3.5 Juridical nature of control measures in the contiguous zone
- 2.3.6 Fourfold classification of enforceable laws
- 2.3.7 Typology of legislation
- 2.3.8 Prevention and punishment
- 2.3.9 The extent of infringements
- 2.3.10 Delimitation of the contiguous zone
- 2.3.11 Archaeological and historical objects found at sea
- 2.3.12 Hot pursuit through the contiguous zone
- 2.3.13 Contiguous zones of islands and archipelagic States
- 2.4 Concluding Remarks on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone
- 3 Straits Used for International Navigation
- 3.1 Introduction
- 3.2 Development of the Regime of Transit Passage
- 3.3 The 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea
- 3.4 Straits Used for International Navigation
- 3.5 Legal Status of the Connecting Waters
- 3.6 Duties of Ships and Aircraft during Transit Passage
- 3.7 Sea Lanes and Traffic Separation Schemes
- 3.8 Laws and Regulations of Bordering State(s) relating to Transit Passage
- 3.9 Conclusion
- Further Reading
- 4 The Regime of Islands and Rocks
- 5 Archipelagic States: From Concept to Law
- 6 The Continental Shelf
- 6.1 The Continental Shelf
- 6.2 History of the Legal Theory of the Continental Shelf
- 6.3 1958 Continental Shelf Convention
- 6.4 From the Continental Shelf Convention to UNCLOS III
- 6.5 The Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea
- 6.6 The Extent of the Continental Shelf
- 6.6.1 Defining the outer limits of the continental shelf
- 6.6.2 Article 76(1) incorporates customary international law
- 6.6.3 The regime prescribed by Article 76
- 6.6.4 The Commission on the limits of the continental shelf
- 6.6.5 The Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf: Procedure
- (a) ‘Final and binding’ outer limits to be established ‘on the basis of’ CLCS recommendations
- (b) Influence of delimitation agreements and decisions on the CLCS
- (c) Settlement of disputes involving the outer limits of the continental shelf beyond 200 nm
- (d) Jurisdiction of international courts and tribunals to delimit the continental shelf beyond 200 nm
- 6.6.6 The role of Article 76 in delimitation beyond the 200-nm limit
- 6.6.7 Delimitation methodology of the continental shelf beyond 200 nm
- 6.7 Seeing Through a Glass Darkly: Recent Developments and their Impact upon the Law of the Continental Shelf
- 7 The Exclusive Economic Zone
- 7.1 Introduction
- 7.2 The Creation and Development of the Concept of the Exclusive Economic Zone
- 7.3 The Legal Regime of the Exclusive Economic Zone in the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
- 7.3.1 The legal nature of the EEZ
- 7.3.2 The legal regime of the EEZ: general aspects
- 7.3.3 The rights of the coastal State in the EEZ
- 7.3.4 The freedoms of other States in the exclusive economic zone
- 7.3.5 Cases of creeping jurisdiction
- 7.3.6 The rights of landlocked or geographically disadvantaged States in the EEZ
- 7.3.7 Special regimes for certain categories of biological resources
- 7.4 The Current Practice of States and the Development of Customary International Law Concerning the Exclusive Economic Zone
- 7.5 The Delimitation of the Exclusive Economic Zone between States with Opposite or Adjacent Coasts
- 7.6 The Relations between the Exclusive Economic Zone and Other Maritime Areas
- 7.7 The Opportunity of Establishing Exclusive Economic Zones in Enclosed or Semi-enclosed Seas: The Mediterranean Case
- 8 Sui Generis Zones
- 9 The High Seas
- 10 The International Seabed Area
- 11 International Law Concerning Maritime Boundary Delimitation
- 11.1 Introduction
- 11.2 Provisions of the 1958 Territorial Sea Convention and the 1958 Continental Shelf Convention Concerning the Delimitation of Maritime Boundaries
- 11.3 Maritime Zones under National Jurisdiction Provided for in the 1982 Convention
- 11.4 Provisions of the 1982 Convention Concerning Maritime Boundary Delimitation and their Legislative History
- 11.5 Dispute Settlement Procedures under the 1982 Convention
- 11.6 Methodologies of Maritime Boundary Delimitation
- 11.7 Case Concerning Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary between Bangladesh and Myanmar in the Bay of Bengal
- 11.7.1 Jurisdiction (paragraphs 41–50 of the Judgment)
- 11.7.2 Territorial sea (paragraphs 56–176 of the Judgment)
- 11.7.3 Exclusive economic zone and continental shelf within 200 nm (paragraphs 177–340 of the Judgment)
- (a) Single delimitation line and applicable law
- (b) Relevant coasts
- (c) Method of delimitation
- (d) Construction of the provisional equidistance line
- (e) Relevant circumstances
- (f) Adjustment of the provisional equidistance line
- (g) Continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles (paragraphs 341–476 of the Judgment)
- (i) Jurisdiction to delimit the continental shelf in its entirety and exercise of jurisdiction
- (ii) Entitlement and delimitation
- (iii) Meaning of natural prolongation
- (iv) Determination of entitlements
- (v) Delimitation of the continental shelf beyond 200 nm and delimitation line
- (vi) ‘Grey area’
- (vii) Disproportionality test
- 11.8 Conclusion
- 12 The Conservation of Marine Living Resources under International Law
- 13 Genetic Resources of the Sea
- 14 Marine Scientific Research
- 14.1 Introduction
- 14.2 Defining Marine Scientific Research
- 14.3 Legal Sources of Marine Scientific Research
- 14.3.1 Marine scientific research in pre-UNCLOS customary international law
- 14.3.2 Marine scientific research in the UNCLOS regime
- (a) General provisions on marine scientific research: Articles 238 and 239 UNCLOS
- (b) General principles for the conduct of marine scientific research
- (c) Marine scientific research under national jurisdiction
- (d) Marine scientific research beyond national jurisdiction
- (e) Transformation of the UNCLOS regime on marine scientific research into customary international law
- 14.3.3 Marine scientific research in other legal instruments
- 14.4 State Practice
- 14.5 Future Developments and Conclusion
- 15 Landlocked and Geographically Disadvantaged States
- 16 Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage
- 16.1 Introduction
- 16.2 The UNCLOS Provisions on Underwater Cultural Heritage
- 16.2.1 The general duties to protect and to cooperate
- 16.2.2 Cultural heritage in the territorial sea and the contiguous zone
- 16.2.3 The gap as regards cultural heritage in the EEZ
- 16.2.4 The overarching status of Admiralty Law
- 16.2.5 The conflict between two non-prejudice provisions
- 16.2.6 Cultural heritage in the Area
- 16.3 The CPUCH in General
- 16.3.1 The elimination of the undesirable effects of the law of salvage and the law of finds
- 16.3.2 The exclusion of a first-come-first-served approach for cultural heritage found in the EEZ or on the continental shelf
- 16.3.3 Cultural heritage in the Area
- 16.3.4 The strengthening of regional cooperation
- 16.3.5 State ships
- 16.3.6 The relationship between the UNCLOS and the CPUCH
- 16.4 Specific Agreements on Certain Wrecks
- 17 The Legal Regime of the Arctic
- 18 The Legal Regime of the Antarctic
- 18.1 The Origins of International Cooperation in the Antarctic
- 18.2 The Antarctic Treaty System: An ‘Objective’ International Regime?
- 18.3 The Application of the Law of the Sea to the Antarctic Ocean
- 18.4 Maritime Zones in the Antarctic Ocean
- 18.5 Recent Maritime Claims in the Antarctic Ocean: Extending the Continental Shelf’s Outer Limit beyond 200 Nautical Miles from the Baseline
- 18.6 Recent Trends and Challenges: Shipping in the Antarctic Ocean
- 19 Human Rights and the Law of the Sea
- 20 The Settlement of Disputes
- 20.1 Introduction
- 20.2 The Mechanism for the Settlement of Disputes Under the UN Convention for the Law of the Sea
- 20.2.1 Recourse to peaceful means of the choice of the parties (s 1)
- (a) Obligation to settle disputes by peaceful means (Article 279)
- (b) Settlement of disputes by any peaceful means chosen by the parties (Article 280)
- (c) Procedure where no settlement has been reached by the parties (Article 281)
- (d) Obligations under general, regional or bilateral agreements (Article 282)
- (e) Obligation to exchange views (Article 283)
- 20.2.2 Compulsory procedures entailing binding decisions (section 2)
- 20.2.3 International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea
- 20.2.4 International Court of Justice
- 20.2.5 Arbitration
- 20.2.6 Special arbitration
- 20.2.1 Recourse to peaceful means of the choice of the parties (s 1)
- 20.3 Settlement of Law of the Sea Disputes on the Basis of Provisions Contained in other International Instruments Related to the Purposes of UNCLOS
- 20.4 Conclusion
- 21 The International Maritime Organization and the Law of the Sea
- 21.1 Introduction and Historical Background
- 21.2 The Universal Mandate of IMO
- 21.3 UNCLOS and IMO Instruments
- 21.4 Recommendatory Measures
- 21.5 IMO Treaty Instruments
- 21.6 The IMO Treaties in Accordance with International Law and the Law of the Sea
- 21.7 Flag State Jurisdiction in Accordance with IMO Instruments
- 21.8 Port State Jurisdiction to Correct Deficiencies and Power to Impose Sanctions
- 21.9 Maritime Zones and the Implementation of IMO Regulations
- 21.10 UNCLOS Jurisdictional Framework for the Development of IMO Treaties
- 21.11 The Environmental UNCLOS and IMO Rules and Standards
- 21.12 Safety of Navigation
- 21.13 Prevention and Control of Marine Pollution
- 21.14 Vessel-source Pollution
- 21.15 Flag State Jurisdiction
- 21.16 Port State Jurisdiction
- 21.17 Coastal State Jurisdiction
- 22 The United Nations Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea
- 22.1 Mandate
- 22.2 Core Functions
- 22.3 Providing Substantive Servicing to the General Assembly and its Subsidiary Organs
- 22.3.1 General Assembly: annual reports
- 22.3.2 United Nations open-ended informal consultative process on oceans and the Law of the Sea
- 22.3.3 Regular process for global reporting and assessment of the state of the marine environment
- 22.3.4 Ad Hoc Open-ended Informal Working Group to study issues relating to the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity beyond areas of national jurisdiction
- 22.4 Meeting of States Parties
- 22.5 Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf
- 22.6 Depositary Functions
- 22.7 Capacity-Building
- 23 The Contribution of the International Court of Justice to the Law of the Sea
- 23.1 Introduction
- 23.2 Jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice and the Creation of ITLOS
- 23.3 Maritime Delimitation
- 23.3.1 A few general principles
- 23.3.2 A single maritime boundary
- 23.3.3 Relevant coasts and baselines
- 23.3.4 Delimitation of the territorial sea, the continental shelf, and the exclusive economic zone: the quest for an equitable solution
- 23.3.5 Special/relevant circumstances
- 23.3.6 Towards a homogenous and coherent delimitation methodology
- 23.4 Right of Innocent Passage
- 23.5 Use of Force in the High Seas
- 23.6 Conclusion
- 24 The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea
- 24.1 Establishment
- 24.2 Composition
- 24.3 Organization
- 24.4 Jurisdiction
- 24.5 Applicable Law and Procedural Aspects
- 24.6 Cases
- 24.6.1 Prompt release of vessels and crews under Article 292 UNCLOS
- 24.6.2 Provisional measures under Article 290(5) UNCLOS
- 24.6.3 Contentious cases (merits)
- (a) The M/V ‘Saiga’ (No. 2) case
- (b) Case Concerning the Conservation and Sustainable Exploitation of Swordfish Stocks in the South-Eastern Pacific Ocean (Chile/European Union)
- (c) Dispute Concerning the Delimitation of Maritime boundary between Bangladesh and Myanmar in the Bay of Bengal
- (d) The M/V ‘Louisa’ case
- (e) Pending case
- 24.6.4 Advisory opinions
- 24.7 Conclusion
- Further Material
