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Oxford Law Citator
Contents
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Preliminary Material
Foreword
Table of Contents
Table of Cases
International Courts and Tribunals
African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights
Arbitral Tribunals
European Court of Human Rights
European Court of Justice
Human Rights Committee
Inter-American Commission of Human Rights
Inter-American Court of Human Rights
International Court of Justice
International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea
Permanent Court of Arbitration
World Trade Organization
National Courts and Tribunals
Australia
Canada
Netherlands
New Zealand
Nigeria
Pakistan
Philippines
United Kingdom
United States
Table of International Instruments and National Legislation
International Instruments
FCCC Conference of the Parties Decisions
Kyoto Meeting of the Parties Decisions
National Legislation
Australia
Canada
Germany
New Zealand
Nigeria
United States
List of Acronyms
Main Text
1 Introduction
I Climate Change as an Intractable Policy Challenge
II Three Perspectives on the Climate Change Problem
A Climate change as an environmental problem
B Climate change as an economic problem
C Climate change as an ethical problem
III Demarcating International Climate Change Law
IV The Subject Matter of International Climate Change Law
A Mitigation
B Adaptation
C Finance
D Oversight
V Recurring Themes in the UN Climate Regime
A Legal bindingness
1 Treaties
2 Decisions of parties
3 Political agreements
B Architecture
C Differentiation
VI The Broader Context for International Climate Change Law
Select Bibliography
2 Climate Change and International Law
I Introduction
II The Sources of International Law
III Key Principles of International Environmental Law
A The no-harm rule and related principles
1 Harm prevention and due diligence
2 Procedural obligations
3 Prevention and precaution
B Establishing state responsibility for violation of the no-harm rule
1 General considerations
2 Legal action for climate harm—some examples
C Invoking state responsibility for harm to the global commons
D Common concern and common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities
E Precaution, sustainable development, and the intertemporal reach of international environmental law
IV Treaty-Based Approaches to Environmental Protection
A Treaty development over time
1 The framework-protocol model
2 Institutionalization
3 Ongoing standard-setting processes
B Treaty design to induce participation
C Promotion of implementation and compliance
1 Emergence of the implementation and compliance focus
2 Modern multilateral environmental agreements and compliance
V Conclusion
Select Bibliography
3 Treaty-Based Law-Making: Rules, Tools, and Techniques
I Introduction
II Treaties and Treaty-Based Law-Making
A What is a treaty?
B Treaty negotiations
1 The pre-negotiation phase: issue, forum, and mandate
2 The negotiating process
C Adoption, signature, ratification, and entry into force of treaties
D Treaty development
1 New treaties to supplement the framework
2 Amendments
3 Decisions of the parties
4 Political agreements
5 Ambiguity, interpretation, and subsequent practice
III Conclusion
Select Bibliography
4 Evolution of the United Nations Climate Regime
I Introduction
II Agenda-Setting (1985–1990)
III Constitutional Phase: Negotiation and Entry into Force of the FCCC (1990–1995)
IV Regulatory Phase: Negotiation and Elaboration of the Kyoto Protocol (1995–2005)
V Second Constitutional Phase: Negotiating the Future Climate Regime (2005–2016)
A Bali Action Plan
B Copenhagen Accord
C Cancun Agreements
D Durban Platform and Doha Amendment
VI Conclusion
Select Bibliography
5 The Framework Convention on Climate Change
I Introduction
II Overarching Issues
A Legal bindingness
B Architecture
C Scope
D Differentiation
III Preamble, Objective, and Principles (Articles 2 and 3)
A Preamble
B Objective (Article 2)
C Principles (Article 3)
1 Background
2 Principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities
3 Precaution and cost-effectiveness
4 Sustainable development
5 Supportive and open economic system
IV Commitments (Articles 4–6 and 12)
A General commitments (Articles 4.1, 5, 6, and 12.1)
B Mitigation (Articles 4.1(b)–(d) and 4.2)
1 Targets and timetables
2 Comprehensive approach
3 Joint implementation
C Adaptation (Articles 4.1(b) and (e), 4.8, and 4.9)
D Financial support (Articles 4.3 and 4.4)
E Technology transfer (Article 4.5)
F Transparency (Articles 4.1(a) and 12)
V Institutions (Articles 7–11)
A Conference of the Parties (Article 7)
B Secretariat (Article 8)
C Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (Article 9)
D Subsidiary Body for Implementation (Article 10)
E Financial mechanism (Articles 11 and 21.3)
VI Implementation and Compliance Mechanisms (Articles 7.2 and 12–14)
A Overview
B Reporting (Article 12)
C International review (Article 7.2)
D Multilateral consultative process to resolve questions regarding implementation (Article 13)
E Dispute settlement (Article 14)
VII Final Clauses (Articles 15–25)
A Amendments, annexes, and protocols to the convention (Articles 15, 16, and 17)
B Voting rights, signature, and ratification (Articles 18, 20, and 22)
C Entry into force (Article 23)
D Reservations and withdrawal (Articles 24 and 25)
VIII Conclusion
Select Bibliography
6 Kyoto Protocol
I Introduction
II Overarching Issues
A Legal bindingness
B Architecture
C Scope
D Differentiation
1 Differentiation between Annex I and non-Annex I parties
2 Differentiation within the category of Annex I parties
3 Voluntary commitments for developing countries
III Preamble and Definitions (Article 1)
IV Commitments (Articles 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 10, and 11)
A General commitments
B Specific commitments for Annex I and Annex II parties
1 Policies and measures (Article 2)
2 Mitigation targets and timetables (Article 3)
a) Legal character
b) Differentiated targets
c) Collective target
d) Base year
e) Assigned amount units
f) Sinks
g) Multi-year commitment period
h) Banking
i) Joint fulfilment
3 Financial Support (Article 11)
V Mechanisms (Articles 6, 12, and 17)
A Joint implementation (Article 6)
B Clean Development Mechanism (Article 12)
1 Additionality
2 Sustainable development
3 Project eligibility
4 Project types
a) Unilateral CDM
b) Programmatic CDM
c) Other project types
5 Equitable geographical distribution of CDM projects
6 Share of proceeds
C Emissions trading (Article 17)
D Outlook
VI Reporting, Review, and Compliance (Articles 5, 7, 8, and 18)
A Reporting and review (Articles 5, 7, and 8)
B Compliance procedures and mechanisms
1 Context and goals
2 Triggers
3 The Compliance Committee and its process
a) The facilitative branch
b) The enforcement branch
4 Outlook
VII Institutions (Articles 13, 14, and 15)
VIII Multilateral Consultative Process (Article 16)
IX Final Clauses (Articles 19–28)
X The Second and Future Commitment Periods of the Kyoto Protocol
XI Conclusion
Select Bibliography
7 Paris Agreement
I Introduction
II Overarching Issues
A Legal bindingness
1 Legal form of the 2015 agreement
2 Legal character of the provisions in the 2015 agreement
B Architecture
C Scope
D Differentiation
1 The CBDRRC principle in the Paris Agreement
2 Operationalizing the CBDRRC principle in the Paris Agreement
a) Differentiation in mitigation
b) Differentiation in transparency
c) Differentiation in finance
III Preamble
IV Purpose (Articles 2 and 4.1)
V Mitigation (Article 4)
A Obligations in relation to nationally determined contributions (NDCs)
B Registering NDCs
C Progression in NDCs
D Ambition cycle
VI Market-Based Approaches (Article 6)
VII Adaptation (Article 7)
VIII Loss and Damage (Article 8)
IX Support (Articles 9, 10, and 11)
A Finance
1 Financial commitments
2 Donor pool
3 Mobilization goal
B Technology
C Capacity-building
X Oversight System (Articles 13, 14, and 15)
A Transparency (Article 13)
B Global stocktake (Article 14)
C Implementation and compliance mechanism (Article 15)
XI Institutions (Articles 16–19)
XII Final Clauses (Articles 20–28)
XIII Next Steps
XIV Conclusion
Select Bibliography
8 Climate Governance beyond the United Nations Climate Regime
I Introduction
II Multi-Level Climate Governance
III Public and Private Climate Governance
IV Climate Governance by Other Multilateral Institutions
A Bunker emissions
1 International Maritime Organization
2 International Civil Aviation Organization
B Ozone-depleting substances
C Black carbon and other short-lived climate forcers
D UN Security Council
E Informal political forums
1 Major Economies Forum on Energy and Climate
2 G-8/G-20
3 Bilateral initiatives
V Sub-National Climate Governance
VI Judicial Governance
A Functions of litigation
B Source of law
C Forum
D Assessment
VII Polycentric Governance of the Carbon Market
VIII Polycentric Governance and the UN Climate Change Regime
IX Conclusion
Select Bibliography
9 Intersections between International Climate Change Law and Other Areas of International Law
I Introduction
II Climate Change and Human Rights
A Introduction
B Distinguishing features of a human rights approach to climate change
C Advantages and disadvantages of a human rights approach to climate change
D Which human rights are affected by the impacts of climate change?
1 Extending the ambit of existing rights to address climate impacts
2 Recognizing a right to a healthy or clean environment
E Nature of duties
1 Types of duties
2 Duty holders
3 Duty beneficiaries
F Human rights implications of response measures
G Human rights in the UN climate regime
III Climate Change, Migration, and Displacement
A Introduction
B Existing international protection
1 Internal displacement
2 Cross-border displacement
a) International refugee law
b) International human rights law
c) Law relating to statelessness
C Addressing gaps in protection
D Climate-induced displacement and migration in the UN climate regime
IV Climate Change and Trade
A The World Trade Organization
B GATT principles
1 Trade disciplines
2 Exceptions
3 The dispute settlement process
4 The relationship between trade rules and climate protection measures
a) Unilateral or multilateral measures?
b) Direct and indirect trade restrictions
c) The role of the ‘likeness’ standard
d) Criteria for assessing ‘likeness’
e) Processes and production methods (PPMs) and ‘likeness’
5 Trade-related climate measures
a) Border adjustments
b) Subsidies
C Trade in the UN climate regime
Select Bibliography
10 Conclusion
I The Evolution of International Climate Change Law: A Brief Recap
II Distinctive Features of International Climate Change Law
III Effectiveness of International Climate Change Law
IV Looking Ahead
Further Material
Index
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Table of Cases
From:
International Climate Change Law
Daniel Bodansky, Jutta Brunnée, Lavanya Rajamani
Content type:
Book content
Product:
Oxford Scholarly Authorities on International Law [OSAIL]
Published in print:
25 May 2017
ISBN:
9780199664290
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