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Oxford Law Citator
Contents
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Preliminary Material
Contents
Notes on Contributors
Table of Cases
Table of Legislation
Australia
Commonwealth
Germany
Mexico
South Africa
United States
International Treaties and Conventions
Main Text
Part I Introduction
The 1972 World Heritage Convention: An Introduction
Part II Commentary
The Preamble
I New Risks and Dangers
II The Origin of the Idea
III Heritage of all Nations of the World
IV The Role of UNESCO
V Outstanding Interest and Outstanding Universal Value
Art.1 Definition of Cultural Heritage
I Historical Background
II Definitional Elements and Scope of ‘Cultural Heritage’
III The Development of the Notion of ‘Cultural Heritage’ within the Framework of the Implementation of the Convention
A The Search for an Expanded Notion of Cultural Heritage
B A Strategy for a More Receptive Notion of Cultural Heritage
IV The Impact of Other Instruments and Conventions on the Notion of ‘Cultural Heritage’ in the 1972 Convention
A Intangible Cultural Heritage
B Underwater Cultural Heritage
C Cultural Diversity
V Authenticity and Integrity as Testimony to the Value of ‘Cultural Heritage’
VI The Link between Cultural and Natural Heritage in the Convention
VII Concluding Remarks
Art.1 Cultural Landscapes
I The Definition of ‘Cultural Landscape’
II Development of the Concept
III Landscapes—Nature or Culture?
Art.2 Definition of Natural Heritage
I Introduction and Historical Background
II Definitional Elements and Scope of ‘Natural Heritage’
A Criteria for ‘Outstanding Universal Value’
B Conditions of Integrity and Sustainable Use
C Protection and Management
III Tentative Lists and the Global Strategy: Natural Heritage Sites and Representativity
IV Conclusion
Art.3 Identification and Delineation of World Heritage Properties
I Introduction
II Identification of Properties of ‘Outstanding Universal Value’
A Outstanding Universal Value
III Preparation of Tentative Lists
IV Factors to be Taken into Account in Identifying and Delineating Properties
V Identifying Cultural Properties
VI Identifying Natural Properties
VII Identifying and Delineating Mixed Natural and Cultural Properties
A Delineation of Mixed Properties
VIII Identification and Delineation of Specific Types of properties
IX Visual Impacts, Buffer Zones, and the Process of Delineation
X Delineating Cultural Properties
XI Preparation of Nominations of Identified Properties
XII Identification and Delineation of Transnational and Transboundary Properties
XIII Identification and Delineation of Serial Properties
XIV Identification of Areas Additional to Current Listings
XV Identification of World Heritage Properties in Danger
XVI Global Strategy for a Balanced, Representative, and Credible World Heritage List
Art.4–7 National and International Protection of the Cultural and Natural Heritage
I Scope of Chapter II and Autonomy from Chapter III
II Importance of Chapter II
A Significance from International and Intergovernmental Perspectives
B Existence and Significance of a ‘Collective Interest’ of the International Community as a Whole in the Protection of Heritage
C Structure of the Convention
D Double Coverage
III Commentary’s Approach
IV Article 4
A Heritage Concerned
B Content of Duty
1 Identification
2 Protection
3 Presentation
4 Transmission of heritage to future generations
C Who has this Duty: the International Community as a Whole v. Territorial State Party?
D Nature of the Duty
E What about International Protection?
V Article 5
A Importance
B Scope
C Nature of the Obligation
D Content
E An Open-Ended List
F The 1972 Recommendation as a Potential Complementary Source
VI Article 6
A Commentary on Paragraph 1
B The Convention, Article 6, and the Law of Treaties
C Commentary on Paragraph 2
D Commentary on Paragraph 3
1 Content and Scope
2 State Responsibility
3 The 2003 UNESCO Declaration
VII Article 7
VIII The Convention, its Preamble, and Chapter II v. Collective Interest, Erga Omnes (Partes) Obligations and their Enforceability
1 Does the Convention clearly express the existence of a ‘collective interest’?
2 Does the protection of heritage under the Convention match the requirement of the ‘importance’ of the interest involved required by the ICJ?
3 From erga omnes to erga omnes partes obligations with regard to treaty law
4 Does the Convention establish obligations relevant for and enforceable under Article 48(1) of the International Law Commission’s Articles on State responsibility?
5 Conclusions
6 Suitability of State responsibility and its remedies for heritage protection purposes
Art.8–11 World Heritage Committee and World Heritage List
I Article 8
A Paragraph 1
B Paragraph 2
C Paragraph 3
II Article 9
A Paragraph 1
B Paragraph 2
C Paragraph 3
III Article 10
A Paragraph 1
B Paragraph 2
C Paragraph 3
IV Article 11
A Paragraph 1
B Paragraph 2
C Paragraph 3
D Paragraph 5
E Paragraph 6
F Paragraph 7
Art.11 List of World Heritage in Danger and Deletion of a Property from the World Heritage List
I Preliminary Observations on the Nature of the Convention
II Conditions for the Inscription of a Property on the List of World Heritage in Danger
A The Text of the Convention
B The Preparatory Work of the Convention
C Subsequent Practice Relating to the Interpretation and Application of the Convention
1 The Operational Guidelines
2 Cases relating to the application of Article 11, paragraph 4, of the Convention
D Conclusion
III The Deletion of a Property from the World Heritage List
A Analysis
B Conclusion
Art.12 Protection of Properties Not Inscribed on the World Heritage List
I The Purpose of Article 12
II The Significance of the Inclusion of Article 12 in Chapter III of the Convention
III The Content of the Obligations Arising from Article 12
IV The Effectiveness of the Obligations Arising from Article 12
V The Use of Article 12 in the Implementing Practice of the Convention
VI Practical Effects Arising from Article 12
VII Conclusion: Is the Presence of Article 12 in the Text of the Convention Necessary?
Art.13 World Heritage Committee and International Assistance
I Introduction
II International Assistance in the Context of the World Heritage Convention
A Rationale
B Relationship between UNESCO and World Heritage Organs
III Power to Receive Requests
IV Power to Determine Requests and the Order of Priorities
A Power to Determine Requests
1 Power to decide what action is to be taken
2 Nature and extent of grants
B Order of Priorities for Committee’s Operations
V Power to Make Necessary Arrangements with Government Concerned
VI List of Grants
VII World Heritage Fund and Fund Raising
VIII Cooperation with other Organizations, Bodies, and Individuals
IX Conclusion
Art.14 The Secretariat and Support of the World Heritage Committee
I Introduction
II Secretariat of the World Heritage Committee
A Profile of the Secretariat
B Roles of the Secretariat to the World Heritage Committee
1 Management of the World Heritage Convention
2 Nominations for the World Heritage List
3 Periodic Reporting
4 Reactive Monitoring and Deletion from the World Heritage List
5 Global Strategy for Representative, Balanced, and Credible World Heritage List
6 World Heritage Fund and other financial resources
7 International Assistance
8 Dissemination of Information
9 Coordination with UNESCO and Related Conventions
10 World Heritage Emblem
III The Secretariat, Advisory Bodies, and Work of the Committee
A Inter-relationship between the Secretariat and the Advisory Bodies
B Profiles of Advisory Bodies
1 International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN)
2 International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS)
3 International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property (ICCROM)
C Roles of the Advisory Bodies in Assisting the World Heritage Committee
1 Nomination Process
2 Periodic Reporting and Reactive Monitoring
3 Global Strategy for a Balanced, Representative, and Credible World Heritage List and Tentative Lists
4 International Assistance
IV Conclusion
Art.15–16 World Heritage Fund
I The Nature of the World Heritage Fund
II The Resources Making up the World Heritage Fund
III Other Funds Available for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention
IV The Penalty Imposed on States Parties in Arrears with their Contributions to the World Heritage Fund
V The Management of the World Heritage Fund
Art.17—18 Activities to Support the World Heritage Fund
I Introduction
II Application of Articles 17 and 18
A Article 17
1 Publicly Funded Foundations
2 Privately Funded Foundations
3 Associations
B Article 18
1 International Programme for the Preservation of Angkor, Cambodia
2 Biodiversity Conservation in Regions of Armed Conflict: Protecting World Natural Heritage in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
3 International Cooperation through Bi- and Multilateral Agreements with Governments and Development Agencies and Partnerships with NGOs and the Corporate sector
III Collaboration with NGOs and the Corporate Sector
Art.19–26 International Assistance
I Introduction
II Conditions and Priorities for International Assistance
A Beneficiaries of International Assistance
B Priorities for International Assistance
III Types of International Assistance
IV Modalities of International Assistance
A Requests for International Assistance
B The Administrative Procedure
Art.27–28 Educational Programmes
I Awareness Raising and World Heritage Education (secondary-schools level)
A Introduction
II Application of Article 27, Paragraphs 1 and 2
A The Awareness-raising Component
B The Educational Component
III Higher Education and Forum UNESCO-University and Heritage (FUUH) Network
A Introduction
B Implementation of Activities Corresponding to Articles 27 and 28 of the Convention
C Conclusion
IV Application of Article 28
Art.29 Reports
I Introduction
II State Party Reports: Periodic Reporting
III World Heritage Committee Reports to the General Assembly of States Parties to the Convention and the General Conference of UNESCO
IV Reports by the World Heritage Centre
V Reports of World Heritage Committee Meeting Decisions to States Parties
VI Reports from the Advisory Bodies to the World Heritage Committee
A Advice on Implementation of the Convention
B Reports on the Global Strategy for a Representative, Balanced and Credible World Heritage List
C Periodic Reporting by the States Parties
D Reports on Reactive Monitoring
E Evaluation Reports
VII Reactive Monitoring Reports
VIII Reports of Expert Meetings and Studies
IX Archiving of Information
Art.30–33 and 35–38 Final Clauses
I Article 30
II Article 31
III Article 32
IV Article 33
V Article 35
VI Article 36
VII Article 37
VIII Article 38
Art.34 The Federal Clause
I Introduction
II Judicial Scrutiny of Article 34
III Cologne Cathedral, In-Danger Listing, and Article 34
IV Conclusion
Part III Relation of the World Heritage Convention with Other Relevant International Treaties
The 1972 World Heritage Convention in the Framework of Other UNESCO Conventions on Cultural Heritage
I Preliminary Clarifications: Scope, ‘Coexistence,’ and ‘Overlapping’ of Legal Instruments
II The 1972 Convention, Armed Conflicts and Occupation, the 1954 Convention and its Protocols
A The 1954 Convention
1 Significance
2 Content
3 Scope
B The ‘First’ Protocol (1954)
C The ‘Second’ Protocol (1999)
III The 1972 Convention, Illicit Traficking, the 1970 UNESCO and the 1995 UNIDROIT Conventions
A The 1970 UNESCO Convention
B The 1995 UNIDROIT Convention
C Standard-setting Instruments and ad hoc Measures
IV The 1972 Convention, Underwater Cultural Heritage, and the 2001 Convention
V The 1972 Convention, Intangible Cultural Heritage, and the 2003 Convention
VI The 1972 Convention, Cultural Diversity, and the 2005 Convention
The World Heritage Convention and Other Conventions Relating to the Protection of the Natural Heritage
I Introduction
II Biodiversity-Related Conventions
A Modes of Cooperation
B Joint Sites
1 Site Listing
2 Danger Listing, Site Visits, and Emergency Response
3 Joint Funding
III Relationship with Other Instruments and Bodies
A Marine Protected Areas and World Heritage Marine Biodiversity
B Climate Change
IV Treaty Conflict and Congruence
Part IV Conclusions
The Future of the World Heritage Convention: Problems and Prospects
I Introduction
II Problems and Gaps
III The World Heritage Convention in the Twenty-First Century: Which Perspectives?
Appendix I Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage
Adopted on 16 November 1972
Appendix II Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention
Table of Contents
Acronyms and Abbreviations
I Introduction
I.A The Operational Guidelines
1
2
3
I.B The World Heritage Convention
4
5
6
7
8
9
I.C The States Parties to the World Heritage Convention
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
I.D The General Assembly of States Parties to the World Heritage Convention
17
18
I.E The World Heritage Committee
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
I.F The Secretariat to the World UNESCO World Heritage Centre 7, place de Fontenoy 75352 Paris 07 SP France Tel: +33 (0) 1 4568 1571 Fax: +33 (0) 1 4568 5570 E-mail: wh-info@unesco.org www: http://whc.unesco.org/ Heritage Committee (World Heritage Centre)
27
28
29
I.G Advisory Bodies to the World Heritage Committee
30
31
ICCROM
32
33
ICOMOS
34
35
IUCN
36
37
I.H Other organizations
38
I.I Partners in the protection of World Heritage
39
40
I.J Other Conventions, Recommendations and Programmes
41
42
43
44
II The World Heritage List
II.A Definition of World Heritage
Cultural and Natural Heritage
45
Art.1
Art.2
Mixed Cultural and Natural Heritage
46
Cultural landscapes
47
Movable Heritage
48
Outstanding universal value
49
50
51
52
53
II.B A Representative, Balanced and Credible World Heritage List
54
The Global Strategy for a Representative, Balanced and Credible World Heritage List
55
56
57
58
Other measures
59
60
61
II.C Tentative Lists
Procedure and Format
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
Tentative Lists as a planning and evaluation tool
70
71
72
73
Assistance and Capacity-Building for States Parties in the preparation of Tentative Lists
74
75
76
II.D Criteria for the assessment of outstanding universal value These criteria were formerly presented as two separate sets of criteria—criteria (i)–(vi) for cultural heritage and (i)–(iv) for natural heritage. The 6th extraordinary session of the World Heritage Committee decided to merge the ten criteria (Decision 6 EXT.COM 5.1).
77
78
II.E Integrity and/or authenticity
Authenticity
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
Integrity
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
II.F Protection and management
96
97
Legislative, regulatory and contractual measures for protection
98
Boundaries for effective protection
99
100
101
102
Buffer zones
103
104
105
106
107
Management systems
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
Sustainable use
119
III Process for the Inscription of Properties on the World Heritage List
III.A Preparation of Nominations
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
III.B Format and content of nominations
129
130
131
132
133
III.C Requirements for the nomination of different types of properties
Transboundary properties
134
135
136
Serial properties
137
138
139
III.D Registration of nominations
140
141
142
III.E Evaluation of nominations by the Advisory Bodies
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
III.F Withdrawal of nominations
152
III.G Decision of the World Heritage Committee
153
Inscription
154
155
156
157
Decision not to inscribe
158
Referral of Nominations
159
Deferral of Nominations
160
III.H Nominations to be processed on an emergency basis
161
162
III.I Modifications to the boundaries, to the criteria used to justify inscription or to the name of a World Heritage property
Minor modifications to the boundaries
163
164
Significant modifications to the boundaries
165
Modifications to the criteria used to justify inscription on the World Heritage List
166
Modification to the name of a World Heritage property
167
III.J Timetable—overview
168
IV Process for Monitoring the State of Conservation of World Heritage Properties
IV.A Reactive Monitoring
Definition of Reactive Monitoring
169
Objective of Reactive Monitoring
170
171
Information received from States Parties and/or other sources
172
173
174
Decision by the World Heritage Committee
175
176
IV.B The List of World Heritage in Danger
Guidelines for the inscription of properties on the List of World Heritage in Danger
177
Criteria for the inscription of properties on the List of World Heritage in Danger
178
179
180
181
182
Procedure for the inscription of properties on the List of World Heritage in Danger
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
Regular review of the state of conservation of properties on the List of World Heritage in Danger
190
191
IV.C Procedure for the eventual deletion of properties from the World Heritage List
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
V Periodic Reporting on the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention
V.A Objectives
199
200
201
202
V.B Procedure and Format
203
204
205
206
207
V.C Evaluation and Follow Up
208
209
210
VI Encouraging Support for the World Heritage Convention
VI.A Objectives Article 27 of the World Heritage Convention .
211
VI.B Capacity-building and research
212
The Global Training Strategy
213
National training strategies and regional co-operation
214
Research
215
International Assistance
216
VI.C Awareness-raising and education
Awareness-raising
217
218
Education
219
International Assistance
220
221
222
VII The World Heritage Fund and International Assistance
VII.A The World Heritage Fund
223
224
VII.B Mobilization of other technical and financial resources and partnerships in support of the World Heritage Convention
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
VII.C International Assistance
233
234
235
VII.D Principles and priorities for International Assistance
236
237
238
239
240
VII. E Summary Table
241
VII.F Procedure and format
242
243
244
245
246
VII.G Evaluation and approval of International Assistance requests
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
VII.H Contractual Arrangements
255
VII.J Evaluation and follow-up of International Assistance
256
257
VIII The World Heritage Emblem
VIII.A Preamble
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
VIII.B Applicability
266
VIII.C Responsibilities of States Parties
267
VIII.D Increasing proper uses of the World Heritage Emblem
268
Production of plaques to commemorate the inscription of properties on the World Heritage List
269
270
271
272
273
274
VIII.E Principles on the use of the World Heritage Emblem
275
VIII.F Authorization procedure for the use of the World Heritage Emblem
Simple agreement of the national authorities
276
277
Agreement requiring quality control of content
278
VIII.G Right of States Parties to exert quality control
279
IX Information Sources
IX.A Information archived by the Secretariat
280
281
282
283
284
IX.B Specific Information for World Heritage Committee members and other States Parties
285
286
287
IX.C Information and publications available to the public
288
289
290
Annexes
Model Instrument of Ratification / Acceptance
Model Instrument of Accession
Tentative List Submission Format
Justification for Outstanding Universal Value
Guidelines on the Inscription of Specific Types of Properties on the World Heritage List
Introduction
1
2
3
4
I Cultural Landscapes, Towns, Canals and Routes
5
Cultural Landscapes
Definition
6
7
8
9
Definition and Categories
10
Inscription of Cultural Landscapes on the World Heritage List
11
12
13
Historic Towns and Town Centres
Definition and Categories
14
Inscription of Historic Towns and Town Centres on the World Heritage List
15
Heritage Canals
16
Definition
17
Inscription of Heritage Canals on the World Heritage List
18
19
20
Heritage Routes
21
Definition
22
23
Inscription of Heritage Routes on the World Heritage List
24
II Reports of Regional and Thematic Expert Meetings
25
III Thematic and Comparative Studies by the Advisory Bodies
26
Authenticity in Relation to the World Heritage Convention
Introduction
I The Nara Document on Authenticity
II Chronological Bibliography—On Authenticity
Publications which preceded the Nara meeting and which helped prepare the ground for the authenticity discussion which took place in Nara:
Preparatory meeting for the Nara Meeting, held in Bergen, Norway, 31 January–1 February 1994:
The Nara meeting, 1–6 November 1994, Nara, Japan:
Significant post-Nara regional meetings (as of January 2005):
Reconstruction discussions in the context of the World Heritage Convention(as of January 2005):
Format for the Nomination of Properties for Inscription on the World Heritage List
Executive Summary
Properties for inscription on the World Heritage List
Evaluation Procedures of the Advisory Bodies for Nominations
A The Icomos Procedure for the Evaluation of Cultural Properties
1
2
Choice of experts
3
4
Site missions
5
World Heritage Pane
6
7
B The Iucn Procedure for the Evaluation of Natural Properties
8
The Udvardy biogeographic classification system
9
10
Systems to identify priority areas for conservation
11
Systems to evaluate properties for earth science value
12
Relevant publications used in the evaluation process
13
14
Evaluation of Cultural Landscapes (see also Annex 3)
15
16
C Advisory Body Collaboration—The Evaluation of Mixed Properties and of Cultural Landscapes
Mixed properties
17
Cultural Landscapes
18
Format for the Periodic Reporting on the Application of the World Heritage Convention
Format Periodic Reporting on the Application of the World Heritage Convention
General Requirements
s.I Application of the World Heritage Convention by the State Party
I.1 Introduction
I.2 Identification of cultural and natural heritage properties
I.3 Protection, conservation and presentation of the cultural and natural heritage
I.4 International co-operation and fund raising
I.5 Education, information and awareness building
I.6 Conclusions and recommended action
s.II State of Conservation of Specific World Heritage Properties
II.1 Introduction
II.2 Statement of Outstanding Universal Value
II.3 Statement of authenticity and/or integrity
II.4 Management
II.5 Factors affecting the property
II.6 Monitoring
II.7 Summary of conclusions and recommended actions
International Assistance Request Form
Evaluation Criteria of the Advisory Bodies for International Assistance Requests
Select World Heritage Bibliography
Basic texts
Strategic Documents
World Heritage Paper Series
Cultural Landscapes
Global Strategy for a Balanced Representative and Credible World heritage List
Management guidelines
Other
Web Addresses
Index to the Operational Guidelines
Appendix III States Parties to the World Heritage Convention
Further Material
Index
Sign up for alerts
Part IV Conclusions, Appendix II Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention
Edited By: Francesco Francioni
From:
The 1972 World Heritage Convention: A Commentary
Edited By: Francesco Francioni
Content type:
Book content
Product:
Oxford Scholarly Authorities on International Law [OSAIL]
Series:
Oxford Commentaries on International Law
Published in print:
27 March 2008
ISBN:
9780199291694
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