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Oxford Law Citator
Contents
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The Law of Non-International Armed Conflict by Sivakumaran, Sandesh (9th August 2012)
Preliminary Material
Dedication
Preface
Contents–Summary
Contents–Detailed
Table of Cases
European Court of Human Rights
Inter‐American Court of Human Rights
International Court of Justice
International Criminal Court
International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia
International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
Permanent Court of International Justice
Post World War ii Cases
Special Court for Sierra Leone
Special Tribunal for Lebanon
National Courts
Belgium
Canada
Chile
Colombia
Croatia
Denmark
France
Iraq
Israel
Japan
Kosovo
Netherlands
Peru
Russia
South Africa
Switzerland
United Kingdom
United States
Table of Instruments
List of Abbreviations
List of Acronyms of Armed Groups
Main Text
Introduction
Nature of the law
Armed groups
Practice
Goals
A note to the reader
Part I Regulating Non-International Armed Conflicts
1 Ad-hoc Regulation
1 Introduction
2 Recognition of belligerency
2.1 The concept of recognition
2.2 Consequences of recognition
2.3 Instances of recognition
3 Instructions and agreements
3.1 Instructions
3.2 Agreements
3.3 Advantages and drawbacks
4 Conclusion
2 Systematic Regulation through International Humanitarian Law
1 Introduction
2 The International Committee of the Red Cross and International Conferences of the Red Cross
3 The Diplomatic Conference of 1949
4 The period 1949–74
5 The Diplomatic Conference of 1974–7
6 Post-1977 initiatives
7 Conclusion
3 Regulation through a Body of International Law
1 Introduction
2 Drawing on the law of international armed conflict
2.1 Customary international humanitarian law
2.2 Conventional international humanitarian law
2.3 Methodological difficulties with regulation by drawing on the law of international armed conflict
2.3.1 Scope and content
2.3.2 Levels of protection
2.3.3 International and non-international armed conflicts
3 International criminal law
3.1 The war crimes–international humanitarian law nexus
3.2 Methodological concerns with the use of war crimes law
3.2.1 The norms
3.2.2 The enforcement function
4 International human rights law
4.1 Applicability of international human rights law
4.2 Application of international human rights law
4.2.1 Normative content
4.2.2 Interpretation
4.2.3 Direct regulation
5 Conclusion
4 The Sources of the Law of Non-International Armed Conflict
1 Introduction
2 The traditional sources
2.1 Treaties
2.2 Custom
2.2.1 Methodology
2.2.2 Customary rules
3 The less traditional ‘sources’
3.1 Nature of the commitments
3.1.1 Propaganda?
3.1.2 Normative status
3.1.3 An interpretational tool
3.1.4 Commitments and compliance
3.2 The commitments
3.2.1 Unilateral declarations
Declarations of states
Parallel declarations
Declarations of national liberation movements
Declarations of non-state armed groups
Purported accession
Declarations to the ICRC
General declarations
Declarations on particular rules
Declarations on human rights law
3.2.2 Agreements
Agreements on international humanitarian law
Agreements on international humanitarian law and human rights law
Agreements on human rights law
Other agreements
3.2.3 Instructions, codes of conduct, and internal regulations
3.2.4 Legislation
3.2.5 Other important materials
Responses to reports of fact-finding missions
Press releases and other ad hoc statements
Expressions of motivations for taking up arms
3.3 Non-exhaustive list of commitments
4 Conclusion
Part II The Substantive Law of Non-International Armed Conflict
5 Identifying a Non-International Armed Conflict: Armed Conflicts and Internal Tensions and Disturbances
1 Introduction
2 The non-definition approach
2.1 The Diplomatic Conference of 1949
2.2 Advantages and disadvantages of the lack of definition
3 The definition approach
3.1 Intensity of violence
3.2 Organization of the armed group
3.2.1 Indicia of organization
3.2.2 Organization in practice
3.2.3 Responsible command
3.2.4 Rationale for organization
3.3 Governmental authorities
3.4 Non-requisites
4 Prerequisites for particular rules to apply
4.1 Protocol II, Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 1949
4.1.1 State armed forces
4.1.2 Organized armed groups and responsible command
4.1.3 Territorial control
4.1.4 Sustained and concerted military operations
4.1.5 Implementation of the Protocol
4.1.6 Concluding thoughts
4.2 Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court
4.3 Recognition of belligerency
5 Characterization of the violence
5.1 The decision-maker
5.2 Recognition of an armed conflict
5.3 Characterization of the armed group
5.4 Legal status and legitimacy
6 Conclusion
6 Identifying a Non-International Armed Conflict: International and Non-International Armed Conflicts
1 Introduction
2 Wars of national liberation
2.1 Historical regulation
2.2 Defining wars of national liberation
3 Outside state intervention
3.1 Intervention through troops
3.2 State control over an armed group
4 Transnational armed conflicts
5 Conclusion
7 Scope of Application
1 Introduction
2 Personal scope of application
2.1 Non-state armed groups and conventional international humanitarian law
2.2 Equality of obligation, reciprocity, and asymmetry
2.3 Intra-party protection
3 Geographical scope of application
4 Temporal scope of application
8 Protection of Civilians and Persons Hors de Combat
1 Introduction
2 Humane treatment
2.1 The principle
2.2 Non-discrimination
2.3 Specific prohibitions deriving from the principle of humane treatment
2.3.1 Violence to life and person
Murder
Torture
Cruel and inhuman treatment
2.3.2 Outrages upon personal dignity
2.3.3 Sexual violence
2.3.4 Slavery and the slave trade
2.3.5 Taking of hostages
2.3.6 Collective punishments
3 Persons benefitting from particular protections
3.1 Wounded, sick, and shipwrecked
3.2 Medical and religious personnel
3.3 Dead persons
3.4 Missing persons
3.5 Displaced persons
3.5.1 Prohibition on forced displacement
Exceptions to the prohibition on forcible transfer
Modalities of displacement
3.5.2 Treatment of internally displaced persons
3.5.3 Return of internally displaced persons
3.6 Interned and detained persons
3.6.1 Obligations to be respected as a minimum
3.6.2 Obligations dependent on capacity
3.6.3 Specificities of non-international armed conflict
3.6.4 Release of prisoners
3.6.5 Legal basis for security detention/internment
3.7 Persons subject to the criminal process
3.7.1 A regularly constituted court
3.7.2 Due process guarantees
Identifying the obligations
Content of the obligations
3.7.3 Capital punishment
3.8 Journalists
3.9 Women
3.10 Children
3.10.1 General
3.10.2 Child soldiers
The obligations
The relevant age
Human rights law
3.11 Peacekeeping missions
3.11.1 International humanitarian law protections
3.11.2 The Convention on the Safety of United Nations and Associated Personnel
3.11.3 Application of international humanitarian law to UN forces
3.12 Humanitarian assistance missions
4 Humanitarian assistance
5 Conclusion
9 Conduct of Hostilities
1 Introduction
2 Targeting
2.1 Underlying principles
2.2 Attacks against the civilian population
2.2.1 Attacks on civilians
2.2.2 Attacks on civilian objects
Protections afforded to civilian objects
2.2.3 Defining civilian objects
2.3 Indiscriminate attacks
2.4 Disproportionate attacks
2.5 Precautions
2.5.1 Precautions in planning and carrying out attacks
2.5.2 Precautions against the effects of attacks
2.6 Beneficiaries of protection
2.6.1 Context
2.6.2 Categories of persons
Members of state armed forces and military wing of armed group
Civilians taking a direct part in hostilities
2.6.3 The notion of direct participation in hostilities
Interpretive Guidance
Types of acts
2.6.4 Loss of protection
State armed forces and military wing of armed group
Civilians taking a direct part in hostilities
Views of armed groups
A more humanitarian approach?
2.6.5 Conclusion
2.7 Investigations relating to losses of life
2.8 Objects benefiting from particular protections
2.8.1 Medical units and transports
2.8.2 Cultural property
Definition of cultural property
Application to non-international armed conflict
The protections
Hague Convention on Cultural Property
Additional Protocol II
Second Protocol to the Hague Convention on Cultural Property
Customary international law
2.8.3 Dams, dykes, and nuclear electrical generating stations
2.8.4 Protected zones
3 Means of combat
3.1 Introduction
3.2 The general rules
3.2.1 Unnecessary suffering or superfluous injury
3.2.2 Discrimination
3.3 Specifically prohibited weapons
3.3.1 Poison and poisoned weapons
3.3.2 Biological and bacteriological weapons
3.3.3 Gas and chemical weapons
3.3.4 Incendiary weapons
3.3.5 Laser weapons designed to cause permanent blindness
3.3.6 Explosive bullets
3.3.7 Expanding bullets
3.3.8 Booby-traps and anti-personnel mines
Booby-traps
Anti-personnel mines
The Amended Mines Protocol
The Ottawa Convention
3.3.9 Cluster munitions
3.3.10 Non-detectable fragments
3.3.11 Explosive remnants of war
4 Methods of combat
4.1 Denial of quarter
4.2 Flags of truce and surrender
4.3 Improper use of emblems and uniforms
4.3.1 Neutral or protected emblems and uniforms
4.3.2 Enemy emblems and uniforms
4.4 Perfidy
4.5 Human shields
4.5.1 Involuntary human shields
4.5.2 Voluntary human shields
4.6 Starvation of civilians
4.6.1 Starvation
4.6.2 Objects indispensable to the survival of the civilian population
4.7 Pillage
4.8 Wanton destruction
5 Conclusion
10 Implementation and Non-Judicial Enforcement
1 Introduction
2 Internal mechanisms
2.1 Dissemination
2.1.1 Importance of dissemination
2.1.2 States, non-state armed groups, and civilians
2.1.3 Modalities of dissemination
2.2 Instruction
2.3 Legal advice
2.4 Manuals, codes of conduct, and internal regulations
2.4.1 State measures
2.4.2 Non-state armed group measures
2.5 Unilateral declarations and bilateral agreements
2.6 Sanctions
3 Responses to the other side: belligerent reprisals
3.1 Prohibited belligerent reprisals
3.2 Restrictions on the use of belligerent reprisals
3.3 Continued use of belligerent reprisals
4 Third parties
4.1 Protecting Powers
4.2 Fact-finding
4.2.1 The International Humanitarian Fact-Finding Commission
4.2.2 Other fact-finding initiatives
4.3 United Nations entities
4.3.1 The Security Council
4.3.2 The General Assembly
4.3.3 Human rights mechanisms
4.4 The International Committee of the Red Cross
4.4.1 The institution
4.4.2 Activities
4.4.3 Modalities
4.5 Human rights non-governmental organizations
5 Conclusion
11 Judicial Enforcement
1 Introduction
2 War crimes
3 International criminal courts and tribunals
3.1 The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
3.2 The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
3.3 The International Criminal Court
3.3.1 Jurisdiction
3.3.2 Impact
3.4 The Special Court for Sierra Leone
4 Domestic criminal courts
4.1 1860s to mid-1990s
4.1.1 Prosecutions
4.1.2 National legislation
4.2 Mid-1990s to present
4.2.1 Conventional law
4.2.2 Domestic legislation
4.2.3 Trials in national courts
4.2.4 Trials in courts of states not involved in the conflict
5 Human rights courts
5.1 Enforcement of international humanitarian law
5.2 Enforcement of human rights law
6 Non-enforcement: amnesties
7 Conclusion
Part III Moving Forward
12 Developments Needed in the Law
1 Introduction
2 Substantive norms
2.1 Combatant immunity and prisoners of war
2.1.1 Combatant immunity
2.1.2 Prisoners of war
2.2 The natural environment
2.3 Territory under the control of the non-state armed group
3 Enforcement and implementation of the law
3.1 Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary General for Children and Armed Conflict and the Security Council Working Group on Children and Armed Conflict
3.2 Geneva Call
3.2.1 The Deed of Commitment
3.2.2 Monitoring
3.2.3 Beyond anti-personnel mines
3.3 Engaging compliance
3.3.1 Influencing others
3.3.2 Legitimacy concerns
3.4 Courts of non-state armed groups
3.4.1 Examples
3.4.2 Potential importance
3.4.3 Legitimacy and recognition
3.4.4 Towards greater engagement
4 Methodology: armed groups and the creation of the law
5 A concrete proposal
Conclusion
Further Material
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Index
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Preface
From:
The Law of Non-International Armed Conflict
Sandesh Sivakumaran
Content type:
Book content
Product:
Oxford Scholarly Authorities on International Law [OSAIL]
Published in print:
09 August 2012
ISBN:
9780199239795
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