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Contents
- Preliminary Material
- Dedication
- Foreword
- Preface
- Contents
- Table of Cases and Documents
- I Jurisprudence
- A World War II
- B International(ized) Tribunals
- 1 Permanent Court of International Justice
- 2 International Court of Justice
- 3 European Commission of Human Rights
- 4 European Court of Human Rights
- 5 Human Rights Chamber for Bosnia and Herzegovina
- 6 Inter-American Court of Human Rights
- 7 African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights
- 8 Human Rights Review Panel
- 9 International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia
- 10 International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
- 11 International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals
- 12 International Criminal Court
- 1 East Timor Panels
- 2 Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia
- 3 Special Court for Sierra Leone
- 4 Special Tribunal for Lebanon
- 5 Extraordinary African Chambers
- B National Cases
- 1 Argentina
- 2 Bangladesh
- 3 Belgium
- 4 Bosnia & Herzegovina
- 5 Canada
- 6 Chile
- 7 Croatia
- 8 Ethiopia
- 9 Estonia
- 10 Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
- 11 France
- 12 Germany
- 13 Guatemala
- 14 India
- 15 Iraq
- 16 Israel
- 17 Italy
- 18 Kenya
- 19 Kosovo
- 20 Mexico
- 21 Peru
- 22 Spain
- 23 South Africa
- 24 Switzerland
- 25 The Netherlands
- 26 United Kingdom
- 27 United States
- II Select Legislation
- 1 Australia
- 2 Armenia
- 3 Azerbaijan
- 4 Belarus
- 5 Burundi
- 6 Canada
- 7 Congo
- 8 Costa Rica
- 9 Colombia
- 10 El Salvador
- 11 Estonia
- 12 Ethiopia
- 13 France
- 14 Germany
- 15 Indonesia
- 16 Kenya
- 17 Kosovo
- 18 Mali
- 19 The Netherlands
- 20 Nicaragua
- 21 Niger
- 22 New Zealand
- 23 Paraguay
- 24 Peru
- 25 Samoa
- 26 Switzerland
- 27 Trinidad and Tobago
- 28 United Kingdom
- 29 United States
- I Jurisprudence
- Main Text
- 1 A Short History of Crimes Against Humanity
- 2 Crimes Against Humanity Under General International Law
- 2.1 Scope of Applicability
- 2.1.1 General considerations
- 2.1.2 Personal scope of application
- 2.1.2.1 Individuals
- 2.1.2.2 States
- 2.1.2.2.1 General considerations
- 2.1.2.2.2 Responsibility of states to protect their population and to prevent crimes against humanity
- 2.1.2.2.3 Obligation not to engage in crimes against humanity
- 2.1.2.2.4 Limitation of state’s normative sovereignty
- 2.1.2.2.5 Duty to punish
- 2.1.2.2.5.1 Primary responsibility of states to punish
- 2.1.2.2.5.2 Elements of the duty to punish
- 2.1.2.2.5.3 How to punish—Compliance with basic requirements of due process
- 2.1.2.2.5.4 Failure to punish and subsidiary means of accountability
- 2.1.2.2.5.5 Duty to punish, immunities, and amnesties
- 2.1.2.2.5.6 What sanctions for a breach of the duty to punish?
- 2.1.2.2.6 Extradition and Cooperation
- 2.1.2.3 Corporations and corporate actors
- 2.1.3 Temporal scope of application
- 2.1.4 Territorial scope of application
- 2.2 Gravity of the Crime
- 2.3 Normative Status
- 2.4 Principles of Interpretation
- 2.1 Scope of Applicability
- 3 Jurisdiction Over Crimes Against Humanity
- 4 Immunities, Amnesties, and Statutes of Limitation
- 5 Chapeau or Contextual Elements
- 5.1 General Considerations
- 5.2 An ‘Attack’
- 5.3 Directed Against Any Civilian Population
- 5.4 ‘Widespread or Systematic’ Character of the Attack
- 5.4.1 General considerations
- 5.4.2 ‘Widespread’
- 5.4.3 ‘Systematic’
- 5.4.4 Evidential considerations
- 5.4.5 Policy requirement
- 5.4.5.1 Customary law—No requirement of policy
- 5.4.5.2 ICC regime
- 5.5 Nexus Between the Acts of the Accused and the Attack
- 5.6 Requisite State of Mind or Mens Rea
- 6 Underlying Offences
- 6.1 What Crimes Can Constitute Crimes Against Humanity
- 6.2 Murder
- 6.3 Extermination
- 6.4 Enslavement
- 6.5 Deportation and Forcible Transfer of Population
- 6.5.1 General considerations
- 6.5.2 Actus reus
- 6.5.2.1 Core elements
- 6.5.2.2 Movement across borders for deportation
- 6.5.2.3 No minimum distance of displacement required
- 6.5.2.4 Unlawful displacement not limited to removal from usual place of residence
- 6.5.2.5 No minimum duration of displacement
- 6.5.2.6 ‘Forced’ or coerced nature of movement
- 6.5.2.7 Displaced persons ‘lawfully present’
- 6.5.2.8 Permissible grounds of removal under international law
- 6.5.2.9 Evidential considerations
- 6.5.3 Mens rea
- 6.5.4 Deportation, forcible transfer, and associated offences
- 6.6 Imprisonment
- 6.7 Torture
- 6.7.1 General considerations
- 6.7.2 Actus reus
- 6.7.3 Mens rea
- 6.7.4 Torture and associated offences
- 6.8 Rape
- 6.9 Persecution
- 6.9.1 Persecution as a crime against humanity—A brief history
- 6.9.2 Raison d’être and elements of the offence—General considerations
- 6.9.3 Discrimination against members of a group
- 6.9.3.1 Targeting of individuals based on membership in a group
- 6.9.3.2 Membership of the victim in a discernible group
- 6.9.4 Grounds of persecution
- 6.9.4.1 General considerations
- 6.9.4.2 State of customary international law
- 6.9.4.3 Disjunctive and overlapping grounds of discrimination
- 6.9.4.4 Political grounds
- 6.9.4.5 Racial grounds
- 6.9.4.6 Religious grounds
- 6.9.4.7 Ethnic grounds
- 6.9.4.8 National grounds
- 6.9.4.9 Gender grounds
- 6.9.4.10 Social, cultural, or other grounds that are universally recognized as impermissible under international law
- 6.9.5 Actus reus
- 6.9.5.1 General considerations
- 6.9.5.2 Categories of underlying acts capable of amounting to persecutions
- 6.9.5.3 Discrimination ‘in fact’
- 6.9.6 Mens rea
- 6.9.6.1 Dual element of mens rea—Underlying act and discriminatory intent
- 6.9.6.2 Dolus specialis to discriminate
- 6.9.6.3 Recognized grounds of discrimination
- 6.9.6.4 Deliberateness in relation to underlying act or conduct
- 6.9.6.5 Proving the discriminatory intent
- 6.9.6.6 Persecutory mens rea vs genocidal intent
- 6.9.6.7 Discriminatory intent aggravates the offence
- 6.9.7 Persecution in the Statute of the ICC
- 6.9.8 Persecution and associated offences
- 6.10 Other Inhumane Acts
- 6.11 Enforced Disappearance
- 6.11.1 Enforced disappearance as a human rights violation
- 6.11.2 Enforced disappearance as a crime against humanity
- 6.11.3 Enforced disappearance in the Statute of the ICC
- 6.11.4 Enforced disappearance and associated offences
- 6.12 Apartheid
- 6.12.1 A short history of the crime against humanity of apartheid
- 6.12.2 Apartheid under customary international law
- 6.12.3 Perpetratorship
- 6.12.4 The crime of apartheid in the ICC Statute
- 6.12.5 Apartheid and associated offences
- 6.13 Sexual and Gender Crimes
- 6.13.1 General considerations
- 6.13.2 Sexual slavery
- 6.13.3 Enforced prostitution
- 6.13.4 Forced pregnancy
- 6.13.5 Enforced sterilization
- 6.13.6 Sexual violence
- 6.13.7 Forced marriage
- 7 Crimes Against Humanity and Other International Crimes
- 7.1 Crimes Against Humanity in a Nutshell
- 7.2 Crimes Against Humanity and War Crimes
- 7.3 Crimes Against Humanity and Genocide
- 7.3.1 Common features
- 7.3.2 Differences
- 7.3.2.1 Different mens rea and relevance of groups
- 7.3.2.2 Range of underlying crimes
- 7.3.2.3 Widespread or systematic attack against a civilian population
- 7.3.2.4 Protected individuals
- 7.3.2.5 Specific inchoate offences for genocide
- 7.3.2.6 Policy element
- 7.3.2.7 Gravity
- 7.3.2.8 Other normative differences
- 7.3.3 Genocide and certain overlapping crimes against humanity
- 7.4 Crimes Against Humanity and Aggression
- 7.5 Crimes Against Humanity and Terrorism
- Further Material