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- Preliminary Material
- Preface
- Acknowledgements
- Contents
- Table of International Cases
- European Court of Human Rights (ECTHR)
- European Court of Justice
- International Arbitral Decision
- International Court of Justice
- International Criminal Tribunal for The Former Yugoslavia
- Permanent Court of Arbitration
- Permanent Court of International Justice
- Special Tribunal for the Lebanon
- UN Human Rights Commission
- Table of National Cases
- Table of Legislation
- Afghanistan
- Argentina
- Australia
- Austria
- Bahamas
- Barbados
- Belgium
- Brazil
- Burma
- Canada
- China
- Colombia
- Costa Rica
- Egypt
- Fiji
- Finland
- France
- Georgia
- Germany
- Greece
- Hong Kong
- India
- Indonesia
- Ireland
- Israel
- Italy
- Jamaica
- Japan
- Kenya
- Lesotho
- Malaysia
- Mauritius
- Mexico
- Montenegro
- Nepal
- Netherlands
- New Zealand
- Nigeria
- Niue
- Norway
- Poland
- Portugal
- Russia
- Singapore
- South Africa
- Spain
- Sweden
- Switzerland
- Thailand
- United Kingdom
- United States of America
- Table of Treaties and Other International Instruments (In Chronological Order)
- List of Abbreviations
- Main Text
- Part I Introduction
- Preliminary Material
- 1 What is Transnational Crime?
- 2 What is Transnational Criminal Law?
- 2.1 Introduction
- 2.2 Transnational Criminal Law as a Legal System
- 2.2.1 Transnational criminal law distinguished from transnational criminal procedure
- 2.2.2 The inter-state dimension
- 2.2.3 Transnational crimes and penalties
- 2.2.4 Provisions for procedural cooperation
- 2.2.5 Subjects and objects of transnational criminal law
- 2.2.6 Distinguishing transnational criminal law from international criminal law stricto sensu
- 2.2.7 Transnational criminal law as a system of laws
- 2.3 The System’s Goals and Values
- 2.4 Conclusion
- Part II Crimes
- 3 Piracy and Maritime Safety Offences
- 4 Slavery and Human Trafficking
- 5 Migrant Smuggling
- 5.1 From Refugees to Smuggled Migrants
- 5.2 The Nature of Migrant Smuggling
- 5.3 Background to the Migrant Smuggling Protocol
- 5.4 Crimes
- 5.4.1 Smuggling migrants
- 5.4.2 Document fraud
- 5.4.3 Enabling a person to remain clandestinely or otherwise illegally
- 5.4.4 Attempts, secondary parties, organizing and directing, corporate liability
- 5.4.5 Limitation of international cooperation to transnational migrant smuggling by an organized criminal group
- 5.4.6 Punishment
- 5.5 The Protection of Migrants’ Human Rights
- 5.6 Conclusion
- 6 Drug Trafficking
- 6.1 Introduction
- 6.2 Drugs and Harm
- 6.3 The Institutionalization of Drug Prohibition through International Law
- 6.4 Supply Reduction in the Drug Conventions
- 6.5 Demand Reduction Provisions in the Drug Conventions
- 6.6 Treatment and Harm Reduction
- 6.7 The Enforcement of the International Drug Control System
- 6.8 Conclusion: Towards Reform?
- 7 Terrorism
- 7.1 Introduction
- 7.2 Defining Terrorism
- 7.3 Aviation Offences
- 7.4 Crimes against Internationally Protected Persons
- 7.5 Nuclear Terrorism
- 7.6 Hostage-taking
- 7.7 Maritime Safety
- 7.8 Terrorist Bombings
- 7.9 Terrorist Financing
- 7.10 A Comprehensive Counter-terrorism Convention?
- 7.11 Regional Counter-terrorism Conventions
- 7.12 Suppressing Terrorism through the UN Security Council
- 7.13 Foreign Terrorist Fighters
- 7.14 The Expanding Scope of Domestic Anticipatory Offences
- 7.15 Anti-terrorism and Human Rights
- 7.16 Terrorism as a Core International Crime?
- 7.17 Conclusion
- 8 Transnational Organized Crime
- 8.1 Introduction
- 8.2 The Nature of Transnational Organized Crime
- 8.3 Early Legislative Steps against Organized Crime
- 8.4 Responding to Transnational Organized Crime: The Development of the UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC)
- 8.5 The Failure to Define Organized Crime in the UNTOC
- 8.6 Conditions for the Application of the UNTOC to UNTOC and Protocol Crimes: Transnationality and Involvement of an Organized Criminal Group
- 8.7 Conditions for the Residual Application of the UNTOC to other ‘Serious Crimes’
- 8.8 The UNTOC’s Double-pronged Strategy against Organized Crime
- 8.9 Criminalization of Participation in an Organized Criminal Group
- 8.10 Money Laundering
- 8.11 Corruption
- 8.12 Obstruction of Justice
- 8.13 Penalties for UNTOC Offences
- 8.14 Criminal Responsibility of Legal Persons
- 8.15 Conclusion
- 9 Corruption
- 9.1 Introduction
- 9.2 The Nature of Corruption
- 9.3 Forerunner Legislation
- 9.4 The Inter-American Convention against Corruption
- 9.5 The OECD Anti-bribery Convention
- 9.6 Other Regional Anti-corruption Instruments
- 9.7 The UN Convention against Corruption
- 9.7.1 The development of the Convention
- 9.7.2 Crimes
- Introduction
- Active and passive national bribery
- Active and passive transnational bribery
- Embezzlement, misappropriation, or other diversion of property
- Trading in influence
- Abuse of functions
- Illicit enrichment
- Private sector corruption
- Ancillary offences and related penal provisions
- Liability of legal persons
- 9.7.3 Penalties
- 9.8 The Effectiveness of the Anti-corruption Conventions
- 9.9 The Increasing Resort to Soft Law
- 9.10 Conclusion
- 10 Money Laundering
- 10.1 Introduction
- 10.2 The Nature of Money Laundering
- 10.3 The Rationale for Criminalizing Money Laundering as a Separate Offence
- 10.4 The Domestic Roots of the Money Laundering Offence
- 10.5 The ‘External’ Elements of the Money Laundering Offence—The Predicate Offence
- 10.6 The ‘Internal’ Elements of the Money Laundering Offence
- 10.7 Criminal Liability for Legal Persons
- 10.8 Punishment for Money Laundering
- 10.9 The Role of the Financial Action Task Force
- 10.10 Implementation of Money Laundering Offences
- 10.11 Conclusion
- 11 Cybercrimes
- 11.1 Introduction
- 11.2 The Nature of Cybercrime
- 11.3 Towards a Global Response that Respects Human Rights
- 11.4 The Council of Europe Cybercrime Convention
- 11.5 Other Regional Developments
- 11.6 A UN Cybercrime Convention?
- 11.7 Conclusion
- 12 Environmental Crimes
- 13 Firearms Trafficking
- 13.1 Introduction
- 13.2 Background to the Firearms Protocol
- 13.3 Scope and Purpose of the Firearms Protocol
- 13.4 Crimes and Punishments
- 13.5 Preventing Diversion from the Licit Trade
- 13.6 The UN Programme of Action
- 13.7 The Tracing Instrument
- 13.8 Controlling the Licit Trade: The Arms Trade Treaty
- 13.9 Conclusion
- 14 Illicit Trafficking in Cultural Artefacts
- 14.1 Introduction
- 14.2 The Nature of Illicit Trafficking in Cultural Property
- 14.3 Measures against Trafficking of Cultural Property in Wartime: The 1954 Hague Convention and its Protocols
- 14.4 Regulating Supply to the Market: The UNESCO Conventions
- 14.5 Criminal Suppression: The Failed 1985 European Convention and the 2017 Nicosia Convention
- 14.6 Recovery and Restitution under Private Law: The UNIDROIT Convention
- 14.7 Attempting to Plug the Gaps in the Effective Suppression of Illicit Trafficking in Cultural Property
- 14.8 Conclusion
- 15 Emerging Transnational Crimes
- Part III Enforcement
- Preliminary Material
- 16 Jurisdiction over Transnational Crime
- 16.1 Introduction
- 16.2 Establishing and Enforcing Jurisdiction
- 16.3 Limitations on Jurisdiction over Transnational Crime
- 16.4 Extensions of Jurisdiction Recognized by the Suppression Conventions
- 16.5 Territoriality
- 16.6 Personality
- 16.7 Aut Dedere Aut Judicare
- 16.8 Absolute Universality
- 16.9 Concurrent Jurisdiction
- 16.10 Immunity from Jurisdiction over Transnational Crime
- 16.11 Conclusion
- 17 International Law Enforcement Cooperation
- 17.1 Enforcing an Established Jurisdiction
- 17.2 Territorial Enforcement against Transnational Crime
- 17.3 The Necessity for and Legal Nature of International Cooperation against Extraterritorial Crime
- 17.4 The Development of Direct Police to Police Contact
- 17.5 Information Storage and Exchange
- 17.6 Operational Cooperation
- 17.7 Policing the High Seas
- 17.8 Policing the Financial System
- 17.9 Law Enforcement Training
- 17.10 Human Rights in Law Enforcement Cooperation
- 17.11 International Law Enforcement Organizations
- 17.12 The Emerging Transnational Law Enforcement Culture
- 18 Legal Assistance
- 18.1 Introduction
- 18.2 The Nature of Legal Assistance
- 18.3 Letters Rogatory
- 18.4 Mutual Legal Assistance
- 18.4.1 The development of mutual legal assistance treaties (MLATs)
- 18.4.2 The inclusion of mutual legal assistance provisions in the suppression conventions
- 18.4.3 The general duty in suppression conventions to provide mutual legal assistance
- 18.4.4 The limitation of mutual legal assistance to criminal proceedings
- 18.4.5 Types of mutual legal assistance available
- 18.4.6 The conditions for and exceptions to mutual legal assistance
- 18.4.7 The procedure for applying for mutual legal assistance
- 18.4.8 Concurrent requests for legal assistance
- 18.5 The Rights of Individuals to Legal Assistance and in the Mutual Legal Assistance Process
- 18.6 Alternative Methods of Acquiring Evidence Abroad: Getting Around the ‘MLAT Problem’
- 18.7 Conclusion
- 19 Asset Recovery
- 19.1 Introduction
- 19.2 The International Development of Asset Recovery
- 19.3 Interim Measures: Identification, Tracing, Freezing, and Seizing
- 19.4 Conviction-based Confiscation
- 19.5 Non-conviction-based Forfeiture
- 19.6 Transnational Asset Recovery
- 19.6.1 Domestic platform
- 19.6.2 Making contact and seeking assistance
- 19.6.3 International platforms for asset recovery
- 19.6.4 Interim legal measures in the requested state
- 19.6.5 Final legal measures in the requested state
- 19.6.6 General conditions and grounds for refusal of assistance
- 19.6.7 International cooperation in non-conviction-based forfeiture
- 19.6.8 Practical difficulties in transnational asset recovery
- 19.6.9 Protecting human rights in transnational asset recovery
- 19.7 Dispersal of Recovered Assets
- 19.8 Legitimacy and Effectiveness
- 20 Extradition of Transnational Criminals
- 20.1 Introduction
- 20.2 The Legal Basis for Extradition
- 20.3 The Conditions for and Exceptions to Extradition
- 20.3.1 Conditions, exceptions, and non-inquiry
- 20.3.2 Double/dual criminality
- 20.3.3 Extraditability
- 20.3.4 Sufficiency of evidence
- 20.3.5 Specialty
- 20.3.6 Political offence exception
- 20.3.7 Non-discrimination
- 20.3.8 Nationality exception
- 20.3.9 Forum bar
- 20.3.10 Nemo bis in idem
- 20.3.11 The military and fiscal offence exceptions
- 20.3.12 Procedural and practical obstacles
- 20.3.13 Penalty exceptions
- 20.4 Human Rights in Extradition
- 20.5 Extradition Procedure
- 20.6 Simplified Extradition
- 20.7 Surrender under the European Arrest Warrant
- 20.8 Alternatives to Extradition
- 20.9 Conclusion
- Part IV Institutions, Implementation, and Development
- 21 Institutions
- 21.1 Introduction
- 21.2 The UN’s Drug Control and Criminal Justice Mandates
- 21.3 Policy-making at the UN
- 21.4 Law-making at the UN
- 21.5 Oversight: The International Narcotics Control Board and Conferences of Parties
- 21.6 Administration: the UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)
- 21.7 Networking: The Programme Network of Institutes (PNI)
- 21.8 Other Intergovernmental Institutions and Organizations
- 21.9 Civil Society
- 21.10 Conclusion
- 22 Implementation and Compliance
- 22.1 Introduction
- 22.2 Implementation
- 22.3 Compliance
- 22.4 Multilateral Review Mechanisms
- 22.5 Coordinated Unilateral Action: The FATF Evaluation and Sanctions Process
- 22.6 The Carrots: Technical Assistance
- 22.7 The Sticks: Mechanisms for Enforcing Implementation and Compliance
- 22.8 A Transnational Criminal Court?
- 22.9 Conclusion
- 23 The Future Development of Transnational Criminal Law
- 23.1 Development Thus Far
- 23.2 Moving away from a System of Crime Control
- 23.3 Using General Principles to Guide Development
- 23.4 Principles for Criminalization
- 23.5 Principles of Substantive Criminal Liability
- 23.6 Principles of Punishment
- 23.7 Principles for Establishing Criminal Jurisdiction
- 23.8 Principles for Enforcing Criminal Jurisdiction
- 23.9 Restructuring the Transnational Legal Space
- 21 Institutions
- Part I Introduction
- Further Material
