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Oxford Law Citator
Contents
Expand All
Collapse All
Preliminary Material
Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
Table of International Cases
European Court of Human Rights (ECTHR)
European Court of Justice
International Arbitral Decision
International Court of Justice
International Criminal Tribunal for The Former Yugoslavia
Permanent Court of Arbitration
Permanent Court of International Justice
Special Tribunal for the Lebanon
UN Human Rights Commission
Table of National Cases
Argentina
Australia
Austria
Belgium
Brazil
Canada
China
Costa Rica
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Fiji
France
Germany
Hong Kong
India
Indonesia
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Jamaica
Kenya
Lebanon
Lesotho
Netherlands
New Zealand
Poland
Seychelles
Singapore
South Africa
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
United Kingdom
United States of America
Table of Legislation
Afghanistan
Argentina
Australia
Austria
Bahamas
Barbados
Belgium
Brazil
Burma
Canada
China
Colombia
Costa Rica
Egypt
Fiji
Finland
France
Georgia
Germany
Greece
Hong Kong
India
Indonesia
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Jamaica
Japan
Kenya
Lesotho
Malaysia
Mauritius
Mexico
Montenegro
Nepal
Netherlands
New Zealand
Nigeria
Niue
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Russia
Singapore
South Africa
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Thailand
United Kingdom
United States of America
Table of Treaties and Other International Instruments (In Chronological Order)
List of Abbreviations
Main Text
Part I Introduction
Preliminary Material
1 What is Transnational Crime?
1.1 Introduction
1.2 The Nature of Transnational Crime
1.2.1 The meaning of ‘transnational crime’
1.2.2 Characteristics and causes of transnational crime
Private crime
Economic crime
Political crime
Organized crime
Globalized crime
Localized crime
1.2.3 Categorizing transnational crimes
1.3 Assessing and Responding to Transnational Crime
1.3.1 Global cooperation: an unavoidable response to a global threat?
1.3.2 The scale of transnational crime
1.3.3 Threat identification, the formation of a transnational interest, and pathways to the development of a policy response
1.3.4 The nature of the policy-making process
2 What is Transnational Criminal Law?
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Transnational Criminal Law as a Legal System
2.2.1 Transnational criminal law distinguished from transnational criminal procedure
2.2.2 The inter-state dimension
2.2.3 Transnational crimes and penalties
2.2.4 Provisions for procedural cooperation
2.2.5 Subjects and objects of transnational criminal law
2.2.6 Distinguishing transnational criminal law from international criminal law stricto sensu
2.2.7 Transnational criminal law as a system of laws
2.3 The System’s Goals and Values
2.3.1 Effective suppression
2.3.2 Supply interdiction
2.3.3 Security
2.3.4 Preservation of sovereignty
2.3.5 Legitimacy
2.3.6 Legality
2.3.7 Human rights
2.4 Conclusion
Part II Crimes
3 Piracy and Maritime Safety Offences
3.1 Introduction
3.2 The Nature of Piracy
3.3 Piracy: International or Transnational Crime?
3.4 The Definition of the Crime of Piracy
3.5 The Elements of the Crime of Piracy
3.5.1 Violence, detention, or depredation
3.5.2 The limitation to acts for private ends
3.5.3 The ‘two ship’ requirement
3.5.4 The limitation to the high seas
3.5.5 The key weakness of the UNCLOS definition
3.6 The Maritime Safety Offences
3.7 Punishment of Piracy and SUA Offences
3.8 Problems and Progress off Somalia
3.9 Conclusion
4 Slavery and Human Trafficking
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Slavery
4.2.1 Enslavement and slave trading
4.2.2 Suppression of slavery under international law
The nineteenth century
The 1926 Slavery Convention
Post-war measures
4.3 Forced Labour and Debt Bondage
4.4 ‘White’ Slavery and Trafficking for Prostitution
4.5 Human Trafficking
4.5.1 The nature of human trafficking
4.5.2 Criminalization of human trafficking under the Human Trafficking Protocol
Background
Criminalization of human trafficking
Action
Means
Purpose
The scope of the human trafficking offence
Punishment
The limitations of the human trafficking offence
4.6 Modern Slavery
4.7 Protection of Victims
4.7.1 General
4.7.2 Non-penalization of victims
4.7.3 Right to remain
4.8 Pressure to Implement
4.9 Conclusion
5 Migrant Smuggling
5.1 From Refugees to Smuggled Migrants
5.2 The Nature of Migrant Smuggling
5.3 Background to the Migrant Smuggling Protocol
5.4 Crimes
5.4.1 Smuggling migrants
5.4.2 Document fraud
5.4.3 Enabling a person to remain clandestinely or otherwise illegally
5.4.4 Attempts, secondary parties, organizing and directing, corporate liability
5.4.5 Limitation of international cooperation to transnational migrant smuggling by an organized criminal group
5.4.6 Punishment
5.5 The Protection of Migrants’ Human Rights
5.5.1 General
5.5.2 Migrants’ immunity from prosecution for Protocol offences
5.5.3 Reinforcing existing protections
5.5.4 Criticisms of the human rights protections in the Protocol
5.6 Conclusion
6 Drug Trafficking
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Drugs and Harm
6.2.1 Illicit use and harm
6.2.2 Illicit supply and harm
6.2.3 Drug prohibition and harm
6.3 The Institutionalization of Drug Prohibition through International Law
6.3.1 Origins
6.3.2 Commercial regulation of medicinal drugs
6.3.3 Penal measures
6.3.4 The relationship between licit and illicit supply
6.3.5 Drug classification
6.4 Supply Reduction in the Drug Conventions
6.4.1 Suppressing the chain of supply
6.4.2 Production and refinement
6.4.3 Transportation
6.4.4 Distribution
6.4.5 Possession and purchase for supply
6.4.6 Support and organization of supply
6.4.7 Punishment for supply offences
6.5 Demand Reduction Provisions in the Drug Conventions
6.5.1 Under the 1961 Convention
6.5.2 Under the 1988 Convention
6.6 Treatment and Harm Reduction
6.7 The Enforcement of the International Drug Control System
6.8 Conclusion: Towards Reform?
7 Terrorism
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Defining Terrorism
7.3 Aviation Offences
7.4 Crimes against Internationally Protected Persons
7.5 Nuclear Terrorism
7.6 Hostage-taking
7.7 Maritime Safety
7.8 Terrorist Bombings
7.9 Terrorist Financing
7.10 A Comprehensive Counter-terrorism Convention?
7.11 Regional Counter-terrorism Conventions
7.12 Suppressing Terrorism through the UN Security Council
7.13 Foreign Terrorist Fighters
7.14 The Expanding Scope of Domestic Anticipatory Offences
7.15 Anti-terrorism and Human Rights
7.16 Terrorism as a Core International Crime?
7.17 Conclusion
8 Transnational Organized Crime
8.1 Introduction
8.2 The Nature of Transnational Organized Crime
8.3 Early Legislative Steps against Organized Crime
8.4 Responding to Transnational Organized Crime: The Development of the UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC)
8.5 The Failure to Define Organized Crime in the UNTOC
8.6 Conditions for the Application of the UNTOC to UNTOC and Protocol Crimes: Transnationality and Involvement of an Organized Criminal Group
8.7 Conditions for the Residual Application of the UNTOC to other ‘Serious Crimes’
8.8 The UNTOC’s Double-pronged Strategy against Organized Crime
8.9 Criminalization of Participation in an Organized Criminal Group
8.9.1 Introduction
8.9.2 The conspiracy model
8.9.3 The participation model
8.9.4 Secondary participation
8.9.5 State practice
8.10 Money Laundering
8.11 Corruption
8.12 Obstruction of Justice
8.13 Penalties for UNTOC Offences
8.14 Criminal Responsibility of Legal Persons
8.15 Conclusion
9 Corruption
9.1 Introduction
9.2 The Nature of Corruption
9.3 Forerunner Legislation
9.4 The Inter-American Convention against Corruption
9.5 The OECD Anti-bribery Convention
9.6 Other Regional Anti-corruption Instruments
9.7 The UN Convention against Corruption
9.7.1 The development of the Convention
9.7.2 Crimes
Introduction
Active and passive national bribery
Active and passive transnational bribery
Embezzlement, misappropriation, or other diversion of property
Trading in influence
Abuse of functions
Illicit enrichment
Private sector corruption
Ancillary offences and related penal provisions
Liability of legal persons
9.7.3 Penalties
9.8 The Effectiveness of the Anti-corruption Conventions
9.9 The Increasing Resort to Soft Law
9.10 Conclusion
10 Money Laundering
10.1 Introduction
10.2 The Nature of Money Laundering
10.3 The Rationale for Criminalizing Money Laundering as a Separate Offence
10.4 The Domestic Roots of the Money Laundering Offence
10.5 The ‘External’ Elements of the Money Laundering Offence—The Predicate Offence
10.5.1 From laundering drug trafficking proceeds to ‘all crimes’ laundering
10.5.2 Extraterritorial predicates
10.5.3 Self-laundering
10.5.4 Terrorist offences as predicate offences
10.6 The ‘Internal’ Elements of the Money Laundering Offence
10.6.1 Introduction
10.6.2 Placement
10.6.3 Layering
10.6.4 Integration
10.6.5 The mental element
10.6.6 Inchoate laundering and participation
10.7 Criminal Liability for Legal Persons
10.8 Punishment for Money Laundering
10.9 The Role of the Financial Action Task Force
10.10 Implementation of Money Laundering Offences
10.11 Conclusion
11 Cybercrimes
11.1 Introduction
11.2 The Nature of Cybercrime
11.3 Towards a Global Response that Respects Human Rights
11.4 The Council of Europe Cybercrime Convention
11.4.1 Introduction
11.4.2 Confidentiality, integrity, and availability offences
Illegal access
Illegal interception
Illegal data or systems interference
Computer misuse tools
11.4.3 Computer-related offences
Computer-related forgery
Computer-related fraud
11.4.4 Content-related offences
Child pornography
Copyright infringement
11.4.5 Ancillary crimes and related provisions
11.4.6 Penalties
11.4.7 The Cybercrime Convention’s substantive shortcomings
11.5 Other Regional Developments
11.6 A UN Cybercrime Convention?
11.7 Conclusion
12 Environmental Crimes
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Illegal, Unregulated, and Unreported Fishing
12.3 Illegal Trading in Endangered Species
12.4 Illegal Logging
12.5 Pollution
12.6 Illegal Transboundary Movement of Waste
12.7 Future Development of Environmental Crimes
13 Firearms Trafficking
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Background to the Firearms Protocol
13.3 Scope and Purpose of the Firearms Protocol
13.4 Crimes and Punishments
13.5 Preventing Diversion from the Licit Trade
13.6 The UN Programme of Action
13.7 The Tracing Instrument
13.8 Controlling the Licit Trade: The Arms Trade Treaty
13.9 Conclusion
14 Illicit Trafficking in Cultural Artefacts
14.1 Introduction
14.2 The Nature of Illicit Trafficking in Cultural Property
14.3 Measures against Trafficking of Cultural Property in Wartime: The 1954 Hague Convention and its Protocols
14.4 Regulating Supply to the Market: The UNESCO Conventions
14.5 Criminal Suppression: The Failed 1985 European Convention and the 2017 Nicosia Convention
14.6 Recovery and Restitution under Private Law: The UNIDROIT Convention
14.7 Attempting to Plug the Gaps in the Effective Suppression of Illicit Trafficking in Cultural Property
14.8 Conclusion
15 Emerging Transnational Crimes
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Anti-competitive Conduct
15.3 Intellectual Property Offences
15.4 Counterfeiting of Medicines
15.5 Identity Fraud
15.6 Offences against Children
15.7 The Necessity of Further Suppression Conventions
Part III Enforcement
Preliminary Material
16 Jurisdiction over Transnational Crime
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Establishing and Enforcing Jurisdiction
16.3 Limitations on Jurisdiction over Transnational Crime
16.3.1 The permissive approach versus sovereignty
16.3.2 Limitations on the expansion of jurisdiction
16.3.3 Legality as a limitation on jurisdiction over transnational crime
16.4 Extensions of Jurisdiction Recognized by the Suppression Conventions
16.5 Territoriality
16.5.1 Strict territoriality
16.5.2 Quasi-territoriality
16.5.3 Qualified territoriality
Subjective and objective territoriality, ubiquity
Effects
Applying qualified jurisdiction to inchoate crimes and secondary participation
16.6 Personality
16.6.1 Nationality/active personality
16.6.2 Passive personality
16.6.3 Protective
16.7 Aut Dedere Aut Judicare
16.8 Absolute Universality
16.9 Concurrent Jurisdiction
16.10 Immunity from Jurisdiction over Transnational Crime
16.10.1 Introduction
16.10.2 Sovereign immunity
16.10.3 Diplomatic immunity
16.10.4 Immunity of officials from inter-governmental organizations
16.10.5 Immunity of officials under their own national law
16.10.6 Removal of immunity for criminal acts
16.11 Conclusion
17 International Law Enforcement Cooperation
17.1 Enforcing an Established Jurisdiction
17.2 Territorial Enforcement against Transnational Crime
17.3 The Necessity for and Legal Nature of International Cooperation against Extraterritorial Crime
17.4 The Development of Direct Police to Police Contact
17.5 Information Storage and Exchange
17.5.1 Introduction
17.5.2 Treaty provisions for information exchange
17.5.3 Information exchange in practice
17.6 Operational Cooperation
17.6.1 Introduction
17.6.2 Liaison
17.6.3 Joint investigations
17.6.4 Hot pursuit
17.6.5 Controlled delivery
17.6.6 Undercover operations
17.6.7 Electronic surveillance
17.7 Policing the High Seas
17.7.1 Enforcing flag state jurisdiction
17.7.2 Enforcing jurisdiction over stateless vessels
17.7.3 Enforcing jurisdiction over foreign vessels
17.8 Policing the Financial System
17.8.1 Introduction
17.8.2 Globalizing risk assessment
17.8.3 Removing bank secrecy
17.8.4 Financial Intelligence Units
17.8.5 Counter-terrorist financing
17.9 Law Enforcement Training
17.10 Human Rights in Law Enforcement Cooperation
17.11 International Law Enforcement Organizations
17.12 The Emerging Transnational Law Enforcement Culture
18 Legal Assistance
18.1 Introduction
18.2 The Nature of Legal Assistance
18.3 Letters Rogatory
18.4 Mutual Legal Assistance
18.4.1 The development of mutual legal assistance treaties (MLATs)
18.4.2 The inclusion of mutual legal assistance provisions in the suppression conventions
18.4.3 The general duty in suppression conventions to provide mutual legal assistance
18.4.4 The limitation of mutual legal assistance to criminal proceedings
18.4.5 Types of mutual legal assistance available
A broad range
Witnesses
Interception of telecommunications
Records
More advanced forms of assistance
18.4.6 The conditions for and exceptions to mutual legal assistance
Introduction
Double criminality
Specialty
Political offence exception
Military offence exception
Fiscal offence exception
Sovereignty, security, and public order
Prohibition on carrying out the requested action in national law
De minimis
Incorrect procedure
Nemo bis in idem
Human rights
Conclusion
18.4.7 The procedure for applying for mutual legal assistance
Introduction
Transmission of requests
Execution of requests
18.4.8 Concurrent requests for legal assistance
18.5 The Rights of Individuals to Legal Assistance and in the Mutual Legal Assistance Process
18.6 Alternative Methods of Acquiring Evidence Abroad: Getting Around the ‘MLAT Problem’
18.6.1 Introduction
18.6.2 ‘Long-arm’ subpoenas
18.6.3 ‘Long-arm’ search warrants
18.6.4 Unsanctioned extraterritorial evidence gathering
18.7 Conclusion
19 Asset Recovery
19.1 Introduction
19.2 The International Development of Asset Recovery
19.3 Interim Measures: Identification, Tracing, Freezing, and Seizing
19.4 Conviction-based Confiscation
19.4.1 General
19.4.2 Reversing the onus of proof
19.4.3 Value confiscation
19.4.4 Third party confiscation
19.5 Non-conviction-based Forfeiture
19.5.1 Pursuing ‘guilty’ property
19.5.2 Using civil process
19.5.3 Forfeiture versus property rights
19.5.4 International reluctance
19.6 Transnational Asset Recovery
19.6.1 Domestic platform
19.6.2 Making contact and seeking assistance
19.6.3 International platforms for asset recovery
19.6.4 Interim legal measures in the requested state
19.6.5 Final legal measures in the requested state
19.6.6 General conditions and grounds for refusal of assistance
19.6.7 International cooperation in non-conviction-based forfeiture
19.6.8 Practical difficulties in transnational asset recovery
19.6.9 Protecting human rights in transnational asset recovery
19.7 Dispersal of Recovered Assets
19.8 Legitimacy and Effectiveness
20 Extradition of Transnational Criminals
20.1 Introduction
20.2 The Legal Basis for Extradition
20.2.1 Extradition treaties, schemes, and national laws
20.2.2 Extradition in the suppression conventions
20.3 The Conditions for and Exceptions to Extradition
20.3.1 Conditions, exceptions, and non-inquiry
20.3.2 Double/dual criminality
Conduct
Place
Time
20.3.3 Extraditability
20.3.4 Sufficiency of evidence
20.3.5 Specialty
20.3.6 Political offence exception
20.3.7 Non-discrimination
20.3.8 Nationality exception
20.3.9 Forum bar
20.3.10 Nemo bis in idem
20.3.11 The military and fiscal offence exceptions
20.3.12 Procedural and practical obstacles
20.3.13 Penalty exceptions
20.4 Human Rights in Extradition
20.4.1 The development of human rights bars
20.4.2 Rights and prohibitions relevant to extradition
Restrictions on punishment conditions
Process rights
20.4.3 Assurances
20.5 Extradition Procedure
20.6 Simplified Extradition
20.7 Surrender under the European Arrest Warrant
20.8 Alternatives to Extradition
20.9 Conclusion
Part IV Institutions, Implementation, and Development
21 Institutions
21.1 Introduction
21.2 The UN’s Drug Control and Criminal Justice Mandates
21.3 Policy-making at the UN
21.4 Law-making at the UN
21.5 Oversight: The International Narcotics Control Board and Conferences of Parties
21.6 Administration: the UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)
21.7 Networking: The Programme Network of Institutes (PNI)
21.8 Other Intergovernmental Institutions and Organizations
21.9 Civil Society
21.10 Conclusion
22 Implementation and Compliance
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Implementation
22.3 Compliance
22.4 Multilateral Review Mechanisms
22.5 Coordinated Unilateral Action: The FATF Evaluation and Sanctions Process
22.6 The Carrots: Technical Assistance
22.7 The Sticks: Mechanisms for Enforcing Implementation and Compliance
22.8 A Transnational Criminal Court?
22.9 Conclusion
23 The Future Development of Transnational Criminal Law
23.1 Development Thus Far
23.2 Moving away from a System of Crime Control
23.3 Using General Principles to Guide Development
23.4 Principles for Criminalization
23.5 Principles of Substantive Criminal Liability
23.6 Principles of Punishment
23.7 Principles for Establishing Criminal Jurisdiction
23.8 Principles for Enforcing Criminal Jurisdiction
23.9 Restructuring the Transnational Legal Space
Further Material
Index
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Table of International Cases
From:
An Introduction to Transnational Criminal Law (2nd Edition)
Neil Boister
Previous Edition (1 ed.)
Content type:
Book content
Product:
Oxford Scholarly Authorities on International Law [OSAIL]
Published in print:
19 April 2018
ISBN:
9780198795995
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3.236.156.34