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- Preliminary Material
- Main Text
- 1 Introduction: The Jus Contra Bellum and the Power of Precedent
- 2 The Caroline Incident—1837
- Part 1 The Cold War Era (1945–89)
- 3 The Korean War—1950–53
- 4 The Suez Crisis—1956
- 5 The Soviet Intervention in Hungary—1956
- I Facts and Context
- II The Positions of the Main Protagonists and the Reaction of Third States and International Organizations
- 1 Competence of the UN to address the crisis
- 2 Discussions in the UNSC prior to the 28 October shift in Hungary’s position
- 3 Discussions in the UNSC after the 28 October shift in Hungary’s position
- 4 Debates in the General Assembly after Hungary again changes its position on 4 November
- 5 Report of the Special Committee on Hungary
- III Questions of Legality
- 1 The Hungary intervention between strict abstentionism and government preference
- 2 Consent by Gerő, Nagy, or Hegedüs on 23/24 October
- 3 The Warsaw Pact as an Intervention Treaty
- 4 Retroactive consent by Nagy prior to the shift in his position
- 5 The 28 October shift and explicit withdrawal of consent
- 6 Kádár’s consent of 4 November
- IV Conclusion: Precedential Value
- 6 The U-2 Incident—1960
- 7 The Belgian Intervention in the Congo—1960 and 1964
- 8 The Indian Intervention in Goa—1961
- 9 The Cuban Missile Crisis—1962
- 10 The Gulf of Tonkin Incident—1964
- 11 The US Intervention in the Dominican Republic—1965
- 12 The Six Day War—1967
- 13 The Intervention in Czechoslovakia—1968
- 14 The USS Pueblo Incident—1968
- 15 The Indian Intervention into (East) Pakistan—1971
- 16 The Yom Kippur War—1973
- 17 Turkey’s Intervention in Cyprus—1974
- 18 The Mayaguez Incident—1975
- 19 The Entebbe Raid—1976
- 20 The Larnaca Incident—1978
- I Facts and Context
- II The Positions of the Main Protagonists and the Reaction of Third States and International Organizations
- III Questions of Legality
- IV Conclusion: Precedential Value
- 21 The Vietnamese Intervention in Cambodia—1978
- 22 The Ugandan–Tanzanian War—1978–79
- 23 Operation Litani—1978
- 24 The Lebanon War—1982
- 25 The Soviet Intervention in Afghanistan—1979–80
- 26 The US Hostage Rescue Operation in Iran—1980
- 27 The Iran–Iraq War—1980–88
- 28 Israel’s Airstrike Against Iraq’s Osiraq Nuclear Reactor—1981
- 29 The US Intervention in Nicaragua—1981–88
- 30 The Falklands/Malvinas War—1982
- 31 South African Incursions into Lesotho—1982
- 32 The Intervention of the United States and other Eastern Caribbean States in Grenada—1983
- 33 The Israeli Raid Against the PLO Headquarters in Tunis—1985
- 34 The Killing of Khalil al-Wazir by Israeli Commandos in Tunis—1988
- 35 The US Strikes Against Libya—1986
- 36 The US Intervention in Panama—1989
- Part 2 The Post-Cold War Era (1990–2000)
- 37 The ECOWAS Intervention in Liberia—1990–97
- 38 The Gulf War—1990–91
- 39 Intervention in Iraq’s Kurdish Region and the Creation of the No-Fly Zones in Northern and Southern Iraq—1991–2003
- 40 The Intervention in Somalia—1992–95
- 41 The Intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina—1992–95
- 42 The US Airstrike Against the Iraqi Intelligence Headquarters—1993
- 43 The ECOWAS Intervention in Sierra Leone—1997–99
- I Facts and Context
- II The Positions of the Main Protagonists and the Reaction of Third States and International Organizations
- III Questions of Legality
- 1 Restoration of a democratically elected government
- 2 Self-defence
- 3 Humanitarian intervention
- 4 Intervention by invitation and consent to intervention
- 5 Retroactive authorization by the Security Council to a regional peacekeeping operation
- 6 An African exception to the prohibition on the use of force—delegation or assumption of Chapter VII powers by regional organizations
- IV Conclusion: Precedential Value
- 44 The US Strikes in Sudan and Afghanistan—1998
- 45 The Eritrean–Ethiopian War—1998–2000
- 46 The Great African War and the Intervention by Uganda and Rwanda in the Democratic Republic of Congo—1998–2003
- I Facts and Context
- II The Positions of the Main Protagonists and the Reaction of Third States and International Organizations
- 1 The claims made by the DRC and the initiation of proceedings before the International Court of Justice (ICJ)
- 2 The claims made by pro-Kabila states involved in the conflict: Angola, Zimbabwe, Namibia, and Chad
- 3 The claims made by anti-Kabila states involved in the conflict: Uganda and Rwanda (and Burundi)
- 4 The positions adopted by international organizations and states not involved in the conflict
- III Questions of Legality
- IV Conclusion: Precedential Value
- 47 The Kosovo Crisis—1999
- Part 3 The Post 9/11-Era (2001–)
- 48 The Intervention in Afghanistan—2001–
- 49 The Iraq War—2003
- 50 Israeli Airstrikes in Syria—2003 and 2007
- 51 The Israeli Intervention in Lebanon—2006
- 52 The Turkish Intervention Against the PKK in Northern Iraq—2007–08
- 53 ‘Operation Phoenix’, the Colombian Raid Against the FARC in Ecuador—2008
- 54 The Conflict in Georgia—2008
- 55 Israeli Military Operations Against Gaza: Operation Cast Lead (2008–09), Operation Pillar of Defence (2012), and Operation Protective Edge (2014)
- 56 The NATO Intervention in Libya—2011
- 57 US Extra-Territorial Actions Against Individuals: Bin Laden, Al Awlaki, and Abu Khattalah—2011 and 2014
- 58 The Intervention in Côte d’Ivoire—2011
- 59 The Intervention of the Gulf Cooperation Council in Bahrain—2011
- 60 The Ethiopian Military Intervention in Somalia—2011
- 61 The Intervention of France and African Countries in Mali—2013
- 62 Threats of and Actual Military Strikes Against Syria—2013 and 2017
- I Facts and Context
- II The Threats of Force in Response to the Ghouta Attack in 2013
- III The Actual Use of Force Resorted to in Response to the Khan Shaykhun Attack in 2017
- 63 The Crisis in Ukraine—2014
- 64 The Military Operations Against the ‘Islamic State’ (ISIL or Da’esh)—2014
- I Facts and Context
- II The Positions of the Main Protagonists and the Reaction of Third States and International Organizations
- III Questions of Legality
- IV Conclusion: Precedential Value
- 65 The Saudi-led Military Intervention in Yemen’s Civil War—2015
- 66 The ECOWAS Intervention in The Gambia—2016
- Further Material
- [44.210.237.158]
- 44.210.237.158
