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Oxford Law Citator
Contents
Expand All
Collapse All
Preliminary Material
Preface
Table of Contents
Table of Cases
International Courts
International Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID)
International Court of Justice
International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS)
Permanent Court of Arbitration
Permanent Court of International Justice
World Trade Organization Dispute Settlement Body
Regional Courts/Tribunals
Court of Justice of the European Communities
Eritrea–Ethiopia Claims Commission
NAFTA
Other Arbitral Tribunals
National Cases
Argentina
Germany
Switzerland
United States
Table of Statutes
International Instruments
Treaties and Conventions
Bilateral/Trilateral Treaties
UN Resolutions
Other Instruments (Resolutions, Recommendations/Guidelines/Draft Articles, Guidance, etc.)
Institute of International Law
International Committee of the Red Cross
International Law Association
International Law Commission
OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development)
UNECE (United Nations Economic Commission for Europe)
Permanent Court of Arbitration
World Bank
World Trade Organization
European Legislation
Conventions/Agreements
European Union Legislation
Directives
Regulations
Other Regional Agreements
Africa
Americas
Asia
Oceania
National Legislation
Bolivia
Canada
Colombia
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Ecuador
France
Gambia
Kenya
Maldives
Mexico
Slovenia
Somalia
South Africa
South Korea
United States
Uruguay
List of Abbreviations
List of Contributors
Main Text
Introduction: The Path to the UN Watercourses Convention and Beyond
Introduction
1 Precursors
a The Institute of International Law
b The International Law Association
2 Referral of the Watercourses Topic to the International Law Commission
3 The General Assembly Resolution
4 The Work of the International Law Commission
5 Action on the International Law Commission’s Draft Articles in the General Assembly
6 Entry into Force of the Convention
7 Implementation of the Convention
8 The Convention’s Reception
9 The International Law Commission’s Further Work on Shared Freshwater Resources: Transboundary Groundwater
Conclusion
s.1 Nature and Aims of the UN Watercourses Convention
Ch.1 The Choice of a Framework Convention
Preliminary Material
A The Framework Convention: An Appropriate Technique for the Sustainable Use of International Watercourses
I The Framework Convention as a Harmonization Tool
II The Use of a Framework Convention in Response to a Practical Need
B The Framework Convention: An Appropriate Technique for the UN Watercourses Convention?
I The Ambiguity of the Nature of the UN Watercourses Convention vis-à-vis its Content
II The Uses of International Watercourses: A Field that Promotes Regionalism over Universalism
C Selected Bibliography
Ch.2 Scope of the Convention (Article 1)
Preliminary Material
A Contextual Introduction
B Travaux Préparatoires
C Scope and Normative Impact
I The ‘Uses’ Covered
II ‘Protection, Preservation and Management’
III The Alleged Exclusions: Navigation and Living Resources
D Relations with Other Articles
E Critical Assessment
F Selected Bibliography
Ch.3 Definitions and Use of Terms (Article 2)
Preliminary Material
A Contextual Introduction
B Travaux Préparatoires
C Scope and Normative Dimensions
D Relations with Other Articles
E Critical Assessment
F Selected Bibliography
s.2 The UN Watercourses Convention and Other Fresh Water Agreements
Ch.4 The Relationship between the Convention, Existing and Future Fresh Water Agreements (Articles 3 and 4)
Preliminary Material
Art.3 Watercourse agreements
Art.4 Parties to watercourse agreements
A Contextual Introduction
B Travaux Préparatoires
C Scope and Dimensions of Articles 3 and 4
D Relations with Other Articles
E Critical Assessment
F Selected Bibliography
s.3 General Principles of the UN Watercourses Convention
Ch.5 Equitable and Reasonable Utilization and Factors Relevant to Determining Such Utilization (Articles 5 and 6)
Preliminary Material
Art.5 Equitable and reasonable utilization and participation
Art.6 Factors relevant to equitable and reasonable utilization
A Contextual Introduction
B Travaux Préparatoires
I International Law Commission
(a) Introduction
(b) The views taken by the Commission’s Special Rapporteurs
II The Draft Articles Submitted to the United Nations General Assembly
(a) Article 5
(b) Article 6
III The Negotiation of Articles 5 and 6 of the 1997 Convention
(a) Negotiating the Convention
(b) Proposals for the amendment of Articles 5 and 6
C Scope and Customary Nature of Articles 5 and 6
I The Scope of Articles 5 and 6
II Articles 5 and 6 as Rules of Customary Law
(a) Adjudicatory precedents
(b) Treaty rules
D Relations with Other Articles
E Critical Assessment
F Selected Bibliography
Ch.6 The Obligation not to Cause Significant Harm (Article 7)
Preliminary Material
A Contextual Introduction
B Travaux Préparatoires
I Genesis of the Obligation not to Cause Significant Harm
II Synthesis of the Main Contribution of the Different Special Rapporteurs of the International Law Commission
(a) Work of the first Rapporteur 1974–1977
(b) Work of the second Rapporteur 1977–1981
(c) Work of the third Rapporteur 1982–1985
(d) Work of the fourth Rapporteur 1985–1992
(e) Work of the fifth Rapporteur 1992–1994
(f) The UN General Assembly and the Sixth Committee 1994–1997
C The Scope and Customary Value of the Obligation not to Cause Harm
I Relationship between the Obligation not to Cause Significant Harm and the Principle of Equitable and Reasonable Utilization
II Harm as a Two-Way Matter
D Relations with Other Articles
E Critical Assessment
F Selected Bibliography
Ch.7 General Obligation to Cooperate and Regular Exchange of Data and Information (Articles 8 and 9)
Preliminary Material
Art.8 General obligation to cooperate
Art.9 Regular exchange of data and information
A Contextual Introduction
B Travaux Préparatoires
I The Work of Independent Expert Bodies
II Codification by the International Law Commission
(a) Exchange of data and information
(b) General obligation to cooperate
C Scope and Customary Value
I Dimensions of the General Obligation to Cooperate
(a) Content of the general principle
(b) Implementation of the general obligation to cooperate
II Scope of Regular Exchange of Data and Information
(a) Criteria for regular data and information exchange
(b) A customary norm of data exchange and information?
III The Legal Nature of the Two General Principles
D Relations with Other Articles
I Relationship to Equitable and Reasonable Utilization and Participation
II Relationship to the Obligation to Avoid Significant Harm
E Critical Assessment
F Selected Bibliography
Ch.8 Relationship between Different Kinds of Uses (Article 10)
Preliminary Material
A Contextual Introduction
B Travaux Préparatoires
C General Principle and Exceptions
I General Principle: Lack of Inherent Priority between Different Uses and International Watercourses
II Exception: Agreement or Custom to the Contrary
III Priority of ‘the Requirements of Vital Human Needs’: The Outset of the Human Right to Water
(a) The human right to water as embedded in universal convention and non-convention human rights instruments
(b) Regional instruments addressing the human right to water
(c) Implementing a human right to drinking water and sanitation
D Relations with Other Articles
E Critical Assessment
F Selected Bibliography
s.4 Planned Measures
Ch.9 Notification and Consultation Concerning Planned Measures (Articles 11–19)
Preliminary Material
Art.11 Information concerning planned measures
Art.12 Notification concerning planned measures with possible adverse effects
Art.13 Period for reply to notification
Art.14 Obligations of the notifying State during the period for reply
Art.15 Reply to notification
Art.16 Absence of reply to notification
Art.17 Consultations and negotiations concerning planned measures
Art.18 Procedures in the absence of notification
Art.19 Urgent implementation of planned measures
A Contextual Introduction
B Travaux Préparatoires
I Notification and Consultation—Background
II Works of ILC Special Rapporteurs
III Work of the ILC Drafting Committee
IV Work of the Working Group of the Whole
C Scope and Customary Value
I Threshold for Notification
II The Conditions Relating to the Implementation of Notification
(a) The initiative of notification
(b) Content and time of the notification
(i) Content
(ii) Timeframe
1 Timing of the notification
2 Timeframe for reply
III Consultation and Negotiation
IV Procedures in the Absence of Notification and Urgent Implementation
V Legal Nature
D Relations with Other Articles
E Critical Assessment
F Selected Bibliography
s.5 Protection, Preservation, and Management
Ch.10 Protection and Preservation of Freshwater Ecosystems (Articles 20–23)
Preliminary Material
Art.20 Protection and preservation of ecosystems
Art.21 Prevention, reduction and control of pollution
Art.22 Introduction of alien or new species
Art.23 Protection and preservation of the marine environment
A Contextual Introduction
B Travaux Préparatoires
I Article 20
II Article 21
III Article 22
IV Article 23
C Customary Value and Normative Impact
D Relations with Other Articles
E Critical Assessment
F Selected Bibliography
Ch.11 Management (Article 24)
Preliminary Material
A Contextual Introduction
B Travaux Préparatoires
C Scope and Dimensions
I Consultation-upon-Request Procedure
II Management
III Joint Management Mechanisms
D Relations with Other Articles
I Article 24 and Duty of Cooperation
II Article 24 and Equitable and Reasonable Utilization
III Management and Regulation
IV Article 24 and ‘Joint’ Measures
V Article 24 and Environmental Protection
VI Article 24, Procedural Obligations and Other Provisions Related to Consultations
VII Article 24 and Other ‘Institutional’ Provisions
E Critical Assessment
F Selected Bibliography
Ch.12 Regulation (Article 25)
Preliminary Material
A Contextual Introduction
B Travaux Préparatoires
I The Reports of ILC’s Special Rapporteur Schwebel
II The Reports of ILC’s Special Rapporteur Evensen
III The Reports of ILC’s Special Rapporteur McCaffrey
IV ILC Deliberations
C Scope and Normative Dimensions
I ILC Commentary on Article 25
II Minimum Flow Requirements
III Relationship with the UNECE Convention
IV State Practice
D Relations with Other Articles
E Critical Assessment
I Basin Closure
II Global Environment Facility Transboundary Waters Assessment Programme (GEF TWAP) Findings
III United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 6 under the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development
F Selected Bibliography
Ch.13 Installations (Article 26)
Preliminary Material
A Contextual Introduction
B Travaux Préparatoires
I The Work of the International Law Commission: Preparing Draft Article 26
II Negotiations in the Sixth Committee on the Basis of Draft Article 26
C Scope and Customary Value
I Scope and Content of Article 26
(a) Scope ratione materiae: The meaning of ‘installations, facilities and other works’
(b) Article 26 paragraph 1
(i) Limitations: Conduct within one’s territory
(ii) Limitations: Best efforts
(c) Obligation in Article 26 paragraph 2
(i) Limitations: Request to enter into consultations
(ii) Limitations: Scope of consultations
II Customary International Law
D Relations with Other Articles
E Critical Assessment
F Selected Bibliography
s.6 Harmful Conditions and Emergency Situations
Ch.14 Prevention and Mitigation of Harmful Conditions and Emergency Situations (Articles 27 and 28)
Preliminary Material
Art.27 Prevention and mitigation of harmful conditions
Art.28 Emergency situations
A Contextual Introduction
B Travaux Préparatoires
I The Evolution and Meaning of Obligations to Prevent and Mitigate Harmful Conditions and Emergencies
C Scope, Customary Value, and Normative Impact
D Relations with Other Articles
E Critical Assessment
F Selected Bibliography
s.7 Miscellaneous Provisions
Ch.15 International Watercourses and Installations in Time of Armed Conflicts; the Obligation of Cooperation and Indirect Procedures; Exchange of Information and Protection of Data and Information Vital to National Defence or Security (Articles 29–31)
Preliminary Material
Art.29 International watercourses and installations in time of armed conflict
Art.30 Indirect procedures
Art.31 Data and information vital to national defence or security
A Contextual Introduction
B Travaux Préparatoires
I The Protection of Water during Armed Conflicts: A Genealogy of the ILC’s Position towards IHL
(a) The work of the International Law Association
(b) The third report of Special Rapporteur Schwebel: Importing IHL into the UN Watercourses Convention
(c) The modifications of Draft Article 13
II Indirect Procedures of Cooperation during Armed Conflicts and the Protection of Vital Data for National Security and Defence
C Scope and Dimensions of Articles 29 to 31
I The Contours of Article 29 in the Light of the 1994 Commentary of the UN Watercourses Convention
(a) Applicable principles and rules of IHL
(b) Other international law instruments applicable to water during armed conflicts
II Obligations Related to Indirect Cooperation
III Limitations on the Transmission of Data and Information
IV Articles 29 to 31 in Light of Customary International Law
D Relations with Other Articles
E Critical Assessment
F Selected Bibliography
Ch.16 Access to Procedures and the Principle of Non-Discrimination (Article 32)
Preliminary Material
A Contextual Introduction
B Travaux Préparatoires
I Work of the International Law Commission (ILC)
II Negotiations within the Sixth Committee Convened as a Working Group of the Whole
C Scope and Customary Value
I Scope and Content of Article 32
(a) Scope ratione materiae
(i) Non-discrimination in granting access to judicial and ‘other’ procedures
(ii) Non-discrimination in granting rights to claim compensation and ‘other relief’
(b) Scope ratione personae
(c) Scope ratione loci
II Customary International Law
D Relations with Other Articles
I Article 7(2): The Duty to Discuss the Question of Compensation
II Article 33: Inter-State Settlement of Disputes
E Critical Assessment
F Selected Bibliography
s.8 Prevention and Settlement of Disputes
Ch.17 The Settlement of Disputes through Non-Judicial Means (Article 33(1)–33(9))
Preliminary Material
A Contextual Introduction
B Travaux Préparatoires
C Scope and Dimensions
I An Impartial Fact-Finding Procedure
II The Role of International Organizations and Joint Water Bodies
D Relations with Other Articles
E Critical Assessment
F Selected Bibliography
Ch.18 The Settlement of Disputes through Judicial Means (Article 33(10) and the Annex on Arbitration)
Preliminary Material
A Contextual Introduction
B Travaux Préparatoires
C Scope and Dimensions
I The Text of Article 33(10)
II The Annex to the Watercourses Convention
III Judicial Settlement in Treaty Practice
IV Judicial Settlement: Selected Cases
D Relations with Other Articles
E Critical Assessment
F Selected Bibliography
s.9 The UN Watercourses Convention and Instruments Dealing with the Management and Protection of Fresh Water Resources
Ch.19 The Interplay between the UN Watercourses Convention and the Law on Transboundary Aquifers (Article 2)
A Contextual Introduction
B Groundwater and the UN Watercourses Convention
I Groundwater in the Work Leading to the UN Watercourses Convention: The Debates before the International Law Commission
II The International Law Commission Resolution on Confined Groundwater
C The International Law Commission Draft Articles on the Law of Transboundary Aquifers and the UN Watercourses Convention: Points of Departure and Alignment
I The Work of the International Law Commission on Shared Natural Resources
II The International Law Commission Draft Articles on the Law of Transboundary Aquifers and the UN Watercourses Convention: Scope
III The International Law Commission Draft Articles on the Law of Transboundary Aquifers and the UN Watercourses Convention: Alignment and Points of Departure
(a) Sovereignty
(i) Why has sovereignty been reinstated in the Draft Articles?
(ii) Can the genie be brought back in the bottle?
(b) Planned activities
(c) Scope: activities governed by the Draft Articles
(d) Vital human needs
(e) General principles
(f) Protection, preservation, and management
(g) Miscellaneous provisions
(h) Missing provisions: dispute settlement and relationship with other existing legal instruments
D The UN Watercourses Convention and the Law of Transboundary Aquifers: A Normative Package?
E Selected Bibliography
Ch.20 The Interplay between the UN Watercourses Convention and the UNECE Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes
A Introduction
B Relevant Articles of the Vienna Convention and of the Water Conventions
C Common and Distinct Features of the Water Conventions
I Terminology and Scope
II Substantive Principles and Obligations
III Cooperation
IV Exchange of Information
V Planned Measures
VI Harmful Conditions and Emergency Situations
VII Non-Discrimination
VIII Responsibility and Liability
IX Peaceful Settlement of Disputes
D Concluding Remarks
E Selected Bibliography
Ch.21 The Interplay between the UN Watercourses Convention and International Environmental Law
A Introductory Remarks
B The UN Watercourses Convention in the Evolution of International Environmental Law
C Adopting an Ecosystem Approach in the UN Watercourses Convention
I An Emerging Approach
II An Ecosystem Approach in the UN Watercourses Convention
III The Introduction of Alien Species to an Ecosystem
IV The Marine Environment
D Transboundary Harm and International Watercourses
E Waste, Pollution, and Water
F Sustainable Development and International Watercourses
G Environmental Impact Assessment and Public Participation in Measures Affecting Watercourses
H Non-Discrimination in the Context of MEAs
I Due Diligence, Cooperation, and Management in the Context of Watercourses
J Interactions between the UN Watercourses Convention and Other Environmental Agreements: Supplementary and Mutually Reinforcing
I The UN Watercourses Convention and the Climate Change Regime
II UN Watercourses Convention and the UN Convention to Combat Desertification
III The UN Watercourses Convention and the UNECE Water Convention
K Conclusion
L Selected Bibliography
Ch.22 The UN Watercourses Convention and International Economic Law
Preliminary Material
A Implicit Interplays with Economic Law Generally
B Prospective Interplays with Specific Regimes of International Economic Law
I Public Works
II International Trade
III Foreign Direct Investment
C Economic Remedies and Normative Integration
D Selected Bibliography
Further Material
Appendix Convention on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses
Adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 21 May 1997Entered into force on 17 August 2014
Part I Introduction
Art.1 Scope of the present Convention
Art.2 Use of terms
Art.3 Watercourse agreements
Art.4 Parties to watercourse agreements
Part II General Principles
Art.5 Equitable and reasonable utilization and participation
Art.6 Factors relevant to equitable and reasonable utilization
Art.7 Obligation not to cause significant harm
Art.8 General obligation to cooperate
Art.9 Regular exchange of data and information
Art.10 Relationship between different kinds of uses
Part III Planned Measures
Art.11 Information concerning planned measures
Art.12 Notification concerning planned measures with possible adverse effects
Art.13 Period for reply to notification
Art.14 Obligations of the notifying State during the period for reply
Art.15 Reply to notification
Art.16 Absence of reply to notification
Art.17 Consultations and negotiations concerning planned measures
Art.18 Procedures in the absence of notification
Art.19 Urgent implementation of planned measures
Part IV Protection, Preservation and Management
Art.20 Protection and preservation of ecosystems
Art.21 Prevention, reduction and control of pollution
Art.22 Introduction of alien or new species
Art.23 Protection and preservation of the marine environment
Art.24 Management
Art.25 Regulation
Art.26 Installations
Part V Harmful Conditions and Emergency Situations
Art.27 Prevention and mitigation of harmful conditions
Art.28 Emergency situations
Part VI Miscellaneous Provisions
Art.29 International watercourses and installations in time of armed conflict
Art.30 Indirect procedures
Art.31 Data and information vital to national defence or security
Art.32 Non-discrimination
Art.33 Settlement of disputes
Part VII Final Clauses
Art.34 Signature
Art.35 Ratification, acceptance, approval or accession
Art.36 Entry into force
Art.37 Authentic texts
Annex Arbitration
Article 1
Article 2
Article 3
Article 4
Article 5
Article 6
Article 7
Article 8
Article 9
Article 10
Article 11
Article 12
Article 13
Article 14
Index
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Table of Cases
Edited By: Laurence Boisson de Chazournes, Makane Moïse Mbengue, Mara Tignino, Komlan Sangbana, Jason Rudall
From:
The UN Convention on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses: A Commentary
Edited By: Laurence Boisson de Chazournes, Makane Moïse Mbengue, Mara Tignino, Komlan Sangbana, Jason Rudall
Content type:
Book content
Product:
Oxford Scholarly Authorities on International Law [OSAIL]
Series:
Oxford Commentaries on International Law
Published in print:
20 December 2018
ISBN:
9780198778769
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