Footnotes:
1 On the relationship between the investigation duties under Articles 12,13, and on the difference to the criminal investigation required by Articles 5 to 9, see above Art 12, §§ 3, 4.
5 CAT, ‘General Comment No 3 on the Implementation of Art. 14 by States Parties’ (2012) UN Doc CAT/C/GC/3, para 5.
7 Abdelmalek v Algeria, No 402/2009, UN Doc CAT/C/52/D/402/2009, 23 May 2014, para 11.7; Kirsanov v Russian Federation, No 478/2011, UN Doc CAT/C/52/D/478/2011, 14 May 2014, para 11.3; HB v Algeria, No 494/2012, UN Doc CAT/C/55/D/494/2012, 6 August 2015, para 6.7; Haro v Argentina, No 366/2008, UN Doc CAT/C/52/D/366/2008, 23 May 2014, para 9.4; Evloev v Kazakhstan, No 441/2010, UN Doc CAT/C/51/D/441/2010, 5 November 2013, para 9.6; Bairamov v Kazakhstan, No 497/2012, UN Doc CAT/C/52/D/497/2012, 14 May 2014, para 8.8; Ramiro Ramírez Martínez et al v Mexico, No 500/2012, UN Doc CAT/C/55/D/500/2012, 4 August 2015, para 17.9; Slyusar v Ukraine, No 353/2008, UN Doc CAT/C/47/D/353/2008, 14 November 2011, para 9.3.
8 See eg Bendib v Algeria, No 376/2009, UN Doc CAT/C/51/D/376/2009, 8 November 2013, para 6.6; Aarrass v Morocco, No 477/2011, UN Doc CAT/C/52/D/477/2011, 19 May 2014, para 10.6; Ntikarahera v Burundi, No 503/2012, UN Doc CAT/C/52/D/503/2012, 12 May 2014, para 6.4; Niyonzima v Burundi, No 514/2012, UN Doc CAT/C/53/D/514/2012, 21 November 2014, para 8.5; Gahungu v Burundi, No 522/2012, UN Doc CAT/C/55/D/522/2012, 10 August 2015, para 7.8; X v Burundi, No 553/2013, UN Doc CAT/C/55/D/553/2013, 10 August 2015, para 7.7; Ntahiraja v Burundi, No 575/2013, UN Doc CAT/C/55/D/575/2013, 3 August 2015, para 7.10; EN v Burundi, No 578/2013, UN Doc CAT/C/56/D/578/2013, 25 November 2015, para 7.7; Elaïba v Tunisia, No 551/2013, UN Doc CAT/C/57/D/551/2013, 6 May 2016, para 7.6; LA v Algeria, No 531/2012, UN Doc CAT/C/57/D/531/2012, 12 May 2016, para 8.6; Kabura v Burundi, No 549/2013, UN Doc CAT/C/59/D/549/2013, 11 November 2016, para 7.5.
9 See HRC ‘CCPR General Comment No 20: Article 7 (Prohibition of Torture, or other Cruel, Inhuman or degrading Treatment or Punishment)’ (1992) para 14; Aksoy v Turkey App no 21987/93 (ECtHR, 18 December 1997) para 98; VC v Slovakia App no 18968/07 (ECtHR, 8 November 2011) para 123.
10 See GA, ‘United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners’ as revised by Res 70/175 of 17 December 2015 (Mandela Rules) Rule 56; GA, ‘Body of Principles for the Protection of All Persons under Any Form of Detention or Imprisonment’, Res 43/173 of 9 December 1988 (Body of Principles) Principle 33(1).
13 GA Res 30/3452 of 9 December 1975.
14 Draft Convention for the Prevention and Suppression of Torture Submitted by the International Association of Penal Law (1978) UN Doc E/CN.4/NGO/213.
15 Draft Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhumane or Degrading Treatment or Punishment Submitted by Sweden (1978) UN Doc E/CN.4/1285.
16 Summary by the Secretary-General in Accordance with Commission Resolution 18 (XXXIV) of the Commission on Human Rights (1978) UN Doc E/CN.4/1314.
17 Revised Text of the Substantive Parts of the Draft Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment Submitted by Sweden (1979) UN Doc E/CN.4/WG.1/WP.1.
19 Summary by the Secretary-General in Accordance with Resolution 18 (XXXIV) of the Commission on Human Rights (1979) UN Doc E/CN.4/1314/Add.1.
20 Report of the Working Group of the Commission on Human Rights (1980) UN Doc E/CN.4/1367.
21 Blanco Abad v Spain, No 59/1996, UN Doc CAT/C/20/D/59/1996, 14 May 1998, para 8.6; Ristic v Yugoslavia [2001] CAT No 113/1998, paras 9.6–9.8; Parot v Spain, No 6/1990, UN Doc CAT/C/14/D/6/1990, 2 May 1995, para 10.4.
22 Blanco Abad v Spain, No 59/1996, UN Doc CAT/C/20/D/59/1996, 14 May 1998, para 8.6.
23 Parot v Spain, No 6/1990, UN Doc CAT/C/14/D/6/1990, 2 May 1995, para 3.2.
24 Blanco Abad v Spain, No 59/1996 (n 21) para 8.6; see also Parot v Spain, No 6/1990 (n 21) para 10.4; Ltaief v Tunisia, No 189/2001, UN Doc CAT/C/31/D/189/2001, 14 November 2002, para 10.6; Abdelli v Tunisia [2003] CAT No 188/2001, para 10.6; Dimitrov v Serbia and Montenegro, No 171/2000, UN Doc CAT/C/34/D/171/2000, 3 May 2005, para 7.2; cf also OHCHR, Manual on the Effective Investigation and Documentation of Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (‘Istanbul Protocol’) (2004) HR/P/PT/8/Rev.1, Annex I, para 2.
25 cf Abdelli v Tunisia, No 188/2001, UN Doc CAT/C/31/D/188/2001, 14 November 2002, para 10.6; Ltaief v Tunisia, No 189/2001 (n 24) para 10.6.
26 cf Dimitrov v Serbia and Montenegro, No 171/2000 (n 24) para 7.2; see above § 3.2.
27 CAT, Rules of Procedure CAT/C/3/Rev.6 (2014) Rule 113 (a).
28 Mandela Rules (n 10) Rule 56(4); Body of Principles (n 10) Principle 33(1); UNGA, ‘Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of International Human Rights Law and Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law’, as revised by Res 60/147 of 16 December 2005, Annex I, para 8; CoE, Committee of Ministers, European Prison Rules (2006) para 70.3.
29 Member of Parliament, the Prime Minister or the Children’s Ombudsman, CAT, ‘Conclusions and recommendations: France’ (2006) CAT/C/FRA/CO/3, para 22.
30 CAT, ‘Conclusions and Recommendations: Nepal’ (2007) UN Doc CAT/C/NPL/CO/2, para 28; cf also the obiter dictum in OR, MM, and MS v Argentina [1989] CAT No 1/1988, 2/1988, and 3/1988, para 9.
31 CAT, ‘Concluding Observations: Poland’ (2013) UN Doc CAT/C/POL/CO/5-6, para 11.
32 CAT, ‘Concluding Observations: Tajikistan’ (2013) UN Doc CAT/C/TJK/CO/2, para 14.
33 CAT, ‘Concluding Observations: Kenya’ (2013) UN Doc CAT/C/KEN/CO/2, para 22.
34 CAT, ‘Concluding Observations: Moldova’ (2010) UN Doc CAT/C/MDA/CO/2, para 16.
35 CAT/C/GC/3 (n 5) para 29.
36 CAT/C/KEN/CO/2 (n 33) para 22
37 cf Chris Ingelse, The UN Committee against Torture: An Assessment (Kluwer Law International 2001) 367.
38 See also Mandela Rules (n 10) Rule 56(1); see also CPT, Twenty-seventh General Report (n 11) para 70.
39 cf Herman Burgers and Hans Danelius, The United Nations Convention against Torture: A Handbook on the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (Martinus Nijhoff 1988) 145.
40 See also Mandela Rules (n 10) Rule 56(2); CPT, Twenty-seventh General Report (n 11) para 70; for an overview of such bodies see Dirk Van Zyl Smit and Sonia Snacken, Principles of European Prison Law and Policy: Penology and Human Rights (Oxford University Press 2008) 308–10.
41 CAT, ‘Concluding Observations: Portugal’ (2013) CAT/C/PRT/CO/5-6, para 10.
42 CAT ‘Observations of the Committee against Torture on the Revision of the United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (SMR)’ CAT/C/51/4, para 53; CAT ‘Consideration of reports submitted by States parties under article 19 of the Convention: Djibouti’ (2011) CAT/C/DJI/CO/1, para 15; CAT, ‘Concluding Observations: Belgium’ (2014) UN Doc CAT/C/BEL/CO/3, para 14.
43 CAT/C/BEL/CO/3 (n 42) para 11.
44 CAT, ‘Consideration of reports submitted by States parties under article 19 of the Convention: Albania’ (2012) CAT/C/ALB/CO/2, para 20.
46 See also CAT, ‘Report of the Committee against Torture Twenty-fifth Session (13–24 November 2000) Twenty-sixth Session (30 April–18 May 2001)’ UN Doc A/56/44, para 82(c).
47 CAT/C/51/4 (n 41) para 54; See also GA, ‘Body of Principles’ (n 10) Principle 33(3) calling for confidentiality ‘if so requested by the complainant’; Istanbul Protocol (n 23); GA, ‘United Nations Rules for the Treatment of Women Prisoners and Non-Custodial Measures for Women Offenders’, Res 65/229 of 21 December 2010 (Bangkok Rules) Rule 57(2), see also Rule 25(1); OPCAT, Art 21.
48 See CPT, Twenty-seventh General Report (n 11) para 84
49 See also Rec(2006)2 on the European Prison Rules (n 27) para 70.4.
50 See CAT/C/NLD/CO/5-6 (n 44) para 22; CAT/C/DEU/CO/5 (n 44) para 18 a; CAT/C/ALB/CO/2 (n 43) para 20 a.
51 CAT/C/51/4 (n 42) para 54.
52 CAT, ‘Conclusions and Observations: Georgia’ (2006) UN Doc CAT/C/GEO/CO/3, para 8.
53 GA Res 53/144 of 8 March 1999, Annex Art 9, para 3 lit.c; cf also Rec(2006)2 on the European Prison Rules (n 28) para 70.7.
54 CAT/C/GC/3 (n 5) para 30.
55 Bendib v Algeria, No 376/2009 (n 8) para 6.6.
56 CAT/C/GC/3 (n 5) paras 23, 29; CAT/C/51/4 (n 42) para 54.
57 CPT, Twenty-seventh General Report (n 11) para 83; CAT/C/GC/3 (n 5) para 23.
58 SRT (Méndez) A/68/295 (n 45) para 79; CPT, Twenty-seventh General Report (n 11) para 82.
59 CAT/C/GC/3 (n 5) para 33.
60 CAT, ‘Consideration of reports submitted by States parties under article 19 of the Convention: Turkey’ (2011) CAT/C/TUR/CO/3, para 18; CAT ‘Consideration of reports submitted by States parties under article 19 of the Convention: Cuba’ (2012) CAT/C/CUB/CO/2, para 16; CAT/C/DJI/CO/1 (n 42) para 15; CAT, ‘Concluding Observations: Gabon’(2013) UN Doc CAT/C/GAB/CO/1, para 26; CAT ‘Consideration of reports submitted by States parties under article 19 of the Convention: Mauritius’ (2011) CAT/C/MUS/CO/3, para 21; CAT/C/ALB/CO/2 (n 44) para 28.
61 See also CAT/C/51/4 (n 42) para 53; CAT ‘Concluding Observations: Estonia’ (2013) CAT/C/EST/CO/5, para 20; CAT ‘Concluding Observations: Bolivia’ (2013) CAT/C/BOL/CO/2, para 10; CAT/C/PRT/CO/5-6 (n 41) para 10.
62 CAT/C/ALB/CO/2 (n 44) para 28.
63 CAT/C/DJI/CO/1 (n 42) para 15; CAT/C/NLD/CO/5-6 (n 44) para 30.
64 cf CAT/C/NLD/CO/5-6 (n 45) para 30.
65 See Ingelse (n 37) 367 with references to the practice of the Committee.
66 See Burgers and Danelius (n 39) 145.
67 see also Ingelse (n 37) 367 and CAT/C/SR.203, para 38.
68 See above Art 12,§§ 30ff.
69 Blanco Abad v Spain, No 59/1996 (n 21) para 8.6.
70 See GA, ‘Body of Principles’ (n 10) Principle 33(1).
71 See eg CAT, ‘Concluding Observations: Bosnia and Herzegovina’ (2005) UN Doc CAT/C/BIH/CO/1, para 19; CAT, ‘Concluding Observations: Kazakhstan’ (2008) UN Doc CAT/C/KAZ/CO/2, para 23; Mandela Rules (n 10) Rule 56(2) and (3); see also Essex Paper 3: Initial Guidance on the Interpretation and Implementation of the UN Nelson Mandela Rules 118; UNODC, Handbook of Police Accountability, Oversight and Integrity (United Nations 2011) 34.
72 SRT (Méndez) A/68/295 (n 45) paras 76, 77.
73 SRT (Nowak), A/HRC/13/39/Add.5 (n 12) para 122.
74 Slobodan Nikolic and Ljiljana Nikolic v Serbia and Montenegro, No 174/2000, UN Doc CAT/C/35/D/174/2000, 24 November 2005, para 6.6.
75 ‘independent police complaint mechanism’: ‘Concluding Observations: Turkey’ (2011) UN Doc CAT/C/TUR/CO/3 (n 60) para 8; ‘fully resourced, effective, independent and accessible mechanism to investigate and facilitate the submission of complaints by victims and witnesses of torture and ill-treatment to public authorities’: ‘Concluding Observations: Tajikistan’ (2013) UN Doc CAT/C/TJK/CO/2 (n 32) para 15; ‘independent and impartial institution’: ‘Concluding Observations: Kenya’ (2013) UN Doc CAT/C/KEN/CO/2 (n 33) para 22; CAT, ‘Concluding Observations: Turkmenistan’ (2011) UN Doc CAT/C/TKM/CO/1, para 11; CAT/C/51/4 (n 42) para 56.
76 CAT/C/TKM/CO/1 (n 77) para 12; CAT, ‘Concluding Observations: Slovenia’ (2011) UN Doc CAT/C/SVN/CO/3, para 11.
77 Carver, 88 ff; CPT, Twenty-seventh General Report (n 11) para 71.
78 SRT (Nowak), A/HRC/13/39/Add.5, para 149 (n 12); for a more detailed discussion on investigation mechanisms see above Art 12 § 51.
79 eg the Independent Office for Police Conduct (formerly the Independent Police Complaints Commission) for England and Wales, the Police Ombudsman for Northern Ireland, the Independent Police Complaints Board in Hungary, the Norwegian Bureau for the Investigation of Police Affairs, Committee P Belgium, Garda Síochána Ombudsman Commission in Ireland—see above Art 12 § 56.
80 See Mandela Rules (n 10) Rule 56(3); GA, ‘Body of Principles’ (n 10) Principle 33(1); Rec(2006)2 on the European Prison Rules (n 28) para 70.3.
81 Blanco Abad v Spain, No 59/1996 (n 21) para 8.7.
82 Thabti v Tunisia, No 187/2001, UN Doc CAT/C/31/D/187/2001, 14 November 2003, para 7.3.
83 Salem v Tunisia, No 269/2005, UN Doc CAT/C/39/D/269/2005, 7 November 2007, para 16.7; Saadia Ali v Tunisia, No 291/2006, UN Doc CAT/C/41/D/291/2006, 21 November 2008, para 15.7; Evloev v Kazakhstan, No 441/2010 (n 7) para 9.6; Slyusar v Ukraine, No 353/2008 (n 7) para 9.3; CoE, ‘Eradicating Impunity for Serious Human Rights Violations: Guidelines and Reference Text’ (2011) H/Inf (2011) 7, VII No 2.
84 Osmani v Republic of Serbia, No 261/2005, UN Doc CAT/C/42/D/261/2005, 8 May 2009, para 10.7; Dragan Dimitrijevic v Serbia and Montenegro, No 207/2002, UN Doc CAT/C/33/D/207/2002, 24 November 2004, para 5.4; Danilo Dimitrijevic v Serbia and Montenegro, No 172/2000, UN Doc CAT/C/35/D/172/2000, 16 November 2005, para 7.3; Dimitrov v Serbia and Montenegro, No 171/2000 (n 24) para 7.2; Dzemajl et al v Yugoslavia, No 161/2000, UN Doc CAT/C/29/D/161/2000, 21 November 2002, para 9.5.
86 See CAT, ‘Concluding Observations: Cameroon’ (2010) UN Doc CAT/C/CMR/CO/4, para 20; CAT, ‘Concluding Observations: Congo’ (2015) CAT/C/COG/CO/1, para 15.
89 Asfari v Morocco, No 606/2014, UN Doc CAT/C/59/D/606/2014, 15 November 2016, para 13.5.
90 CAT/C/DEU/CO/5 (n 45) para 18.
91 Gerasimov v Kazakhstan, No 433/2010, UN Doc CAT/C/48/D/433/2010, 24 May 2012, paras 5.4, 5.10, 8.8, 12.6.
92 CAT/C/TJK/CO/2 (n 32) para 15; CAT/C/MDA/CO/2 (n 34) para 19 d.
93 Asfari v Morocco, No 606/2014 (n 89) para 13.5.
94 Niyonzima v Burundi, No 514/2012 (n 8) para 8.5.
95 In October 2016, the Secretary General designated the Assistant Secretary-General for human rights to lead the efforts within the United Nations system to address acts of intimidation or reprisal against those who seek to cooperate, cooperate or have cooperated with the United Nations on human rights. See https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Reprisals/Pages/ReprisalsIndex.aspx accessed 3 December 2017.
96 CAT, ‘Statement of the Committee’ (2013) UN Doc CAT/C/51/3.
97 CAT/C/55/2 (n 96); UN Subcommittee on Prevention of Torture (SPT), Policy of the Subcommittee on Prevention of Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment on reprisals in relation to its visiting mandate (2016) UN Doc CAT/OP/6/Rev.1.