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- Preliminary Material
- Oxford Commentaries on International Law
- Foreword
- Dedication
- Preface
- Authors’ Contributions
- Table of Contents
- A Note on the Authors
- A Note on Citation Formats
- A Note on Citations to the Commentary
- Table of Acronyms
- Table of Cases
- European Commission on Human Rights
- European Court of Human Rights
- European Court of Justice
- European Committee of Social Rights
- European Free Trade Association (Court of the)
- Inter-American Commission on Human Rights
- Inter-American Court of Human Rights
- International Court of Justice
- International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia
- United Nations Administrative Tribunal
- United Nations Treaty Bodies
- Australia
- Belize
- Canada
- Colombia
- Costa Rica
- Hong Kong
- India
- Kenya
- Nepal
- Netherlands
- Pakistan
- Republic of South Africa
- Sri Lanka
- Switzerland
- Tanzania
- Uganda
- United Kingdom
- United States of America
- Vanuatu
- Zambia
- Zimbabwe
- Table of Legislation
- NATIONAL LEGISLATION
- Algeria
- Brunei Darussalam
- Cameroon
- Canada
- Colombia
- Cuba
- Arab Republic of Egypt
- France
- Germany
- Hungary
- India
- Republic of Ireland
- Japan
- Jordan
- Kenya
- Kuwait
- Lesotho
- Liechtenstein
- Malaysia
- Mauretania
- Morocco
- Namibia
- Nepal
- Pakistan
- Qatar
- Republic of South Africa
- Singapore
- Spain
- Sri Lanka
- Tanzania
- Tunisia
- UN Bodies
- United Kingdom
- United States of America
- Zimbabwe
- INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS
- NATIONAL LEGISLATION
- Main Text
- Introduction
- A Introduction
- B Towards a Convention on Elimination of Discrimination against Women
- C Structure of the Convention
- D Issues of Definition and Interpretation
- E Interpretive Processes and Mechanisms
- F Interpreting and Applying Convention Norms: Substantive and Contextual Issues
- I The Convention as a Human Rights Instrument
- II Relationship to Other International Instruments
- III The Convention, Non-derogability, and Customary International Law
- IV Integrating Gender Perspectives into the Human Rights Work of the United Nations
- V Challenges Based on Religion and Culture
- VI The Challenges of Globalization
- G The Convention in the Twenty-first Century
- Preamble
- Article 1
- A Introduction
- B Travaux Préparatoires
- C Issues of Interpretation
- I Analysis of the Text
- 1 ‘Any Distinction, Exclusion or Restriction Made on the Basis of [Sex]’
- 2 ‘Sex, Gender and Sexuality’
- 3 ‘Which has the Effect or Purpose of’
- 4 ‘Impairing or Nullifying the Recognition, Enjoyment or Exercise by Women’
- 5 ‘Irrespective of Their Marital Status’
- 6 ‘On a Basis of Equality of Men and Women’
- 7 ‘Of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms in the Political, Economic, Social, Cultural, Civil or any Other Field’
- II Interpretation by the Committee
- I Analysis of the Text
- D Reservations
- Article 2
- Article 3
- A Introduction
- B Travaux Préparatoires
- C Issues of Interpretation
- I ‘States Parties Shall Take in All Fields’
- II ‘In Particular in Political, Economic, Social, and Cultural Fields’
- III ‘All Appropriate Measures’
- IV ‘Including Legislation’
- V ‘To Ensure the Full Development and Advancement of Women’
- VI ‘For the Purpose of Guaranteeing them the Exercise and Enjoyment of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms’
- VII ‘On a Basis of Equality with Men’
- D Equality in Context
- E States Parties’ Obligations
- F Conclusions
- Article 4
- A Introduction
- B Travaux Préparatoires
- C Issues of Interpretation–Article 4(1)
- D Issues of Interpretation–Article 4(2)
- Article 5
- A Introduction
- B Travaux Préparatoires
- C The Committee’s Interpretation of Article 5
- I References in Committee Documents
- II Article 5 in Relation to the Prohibition of Discrimination against Women
- III The Committee’s Approach to Culture
- D Issues of Implementation
- I The Nature of the Obligations under Article 5
- 1 All Appropriate Measures to Modify Patterns of Conduct and to Ensure Education
- 2 Measures to Modify Stereotyped Representations of Women in Educational Materials, in Advertising, and in the Media
- 3 Measures to Eliminate Structural Discrimination and to Promote the Sharing of Family Responsibilities
- 4 Temporary Special Measures to Implement Article 5
- II The Extent of the Obligations
- I The Nature of the Obligations under Article 5
- Article 6
- A Introduction
- B Travaux Préparatoires
- C Issues of Interpretation
- D Equality in Context
- E States Parties’ Obligation
- I Nature of the Obligation
- II Implementation
- 1 Obligation to Respect
- 2 Obligation to Protect
- a) Criminal Justice Responses to End Impunity
- b) Protection and Support for Victims
- c) Legal Assistance, Protection, and Temporary Residence Permits
- d) Safe and Preferably Voluntary Return and Options for Residency in Appropriate Cases
- e) Safe, Fair, and Equal Labour Migration Opportunities
- f) Special Protective and Punitive Measures in Conflict Contexts
- g) Special Protection for Girl Victims of Trafficking
- 3 Obligation to Fulfil
- a) Access to Remedies
- b) Data Collection
- c) Addressing Demand as a Root Cause of Trafficking
- d) Promoting Trafficking Awareness in All Sectors of Society
- e) Structural Remedies to Address the Causes of Trafficking and Exploitation of Prostitution
- f) Bilateral and Multilateral Cooperation
- g) Cooperation with Civil Society in the Design and Implementation of Anti-Trafficking Interventions
- Article 7
- Article 8
- A Introduction
- B Travaux Préparatoires
- C Issues of Interpretation
- I Opportunity to Represent their Governments at the International Level
- II Opportunity to Participate in the Work of International Organizations
- III Specifications of Article 8 in International Organizations
- IV International Civil Service
- V Women in Conflict Resolution, Peace-keeping, and Peace-building Missions
- D Equality in Context
- E States Parties’ Obligations
- Article 9
- Article 10
- Article 11
- A Introduction
- B Travaux Préparatoires
- C Issues of Interpretation
- D Equality in Context
- E States Parties’ Obligations
- Article 12
- Article 13
- A Introduction
- B Travaux Préparatoires
- C Issues of Interpretation
- I Chapeau
- 1 ‘To Eliminate Discrimination’ … in Order to Ensure … the Same Rights’
- 2 ‘In Other Areas of Economic and Social Life’
- II Article 13(a): The Equal Right to Family Benefits
- III Article 13(b): The Equal Right to Bank Loans, Mortgages, and Other Forms of Financial Credit
- IV Article 13(c): The Equal Right to Participate in Recreational Activities, Sports, and all Aspects of Cultural Life
- I Chapeau
- D States Parties’ Obligations
- Article 14
- A Introduction
- B Travaux Préparatoires
- C Issues of Interpretation
- D Equality in Context
- E States Parties’ Obligations
- F Reservations
- Article 15
- Article 16
- A Introduction
- B Issues of Interpretation
- I Chapeau
- II Article 16(1)
- 1 Article 16(1)(a) The Same Right to Enter into Marriage
- 2 Article 16(1)(b) The Same Right Freely to Choose a Spouse and to Enter into Marriage only with their Free and Full Consent
- 3 Article 16(1)(c) The Same Rights and Responsibilities During Marriage and at its Dissolution
- 4 Article 16(1)(d) The Same Rights and Responsibilities as Parents, Irrespective of their Marital Status, in Matters Relating to their Children; in all Cases the Interests of the Children Shall Be Paramount
- 5 Article 16(1)(e) The Same Rights to Decide Freely and Responsibly on the Number and Spacing of their Children and to Have Access to the Information, Education, and Means to Enable them to Exercise these Rights
- 6 Article 16(1)(f) The Same Rights and Responsibilities With Regard to Guardianship, Wardship, Trusteeship, and Adoption of Children, or Similar Institutions Where these Concepts Exist in National Legislation; in all Cases the Interests of the Children Shall Be Paramount
- 7 Article 16(1)(g) The Same Personal Rights as Husband and Wife, Including the Right to Choose a Family Name, a Profession, and an Occupation
- 8 Article 16(1)(h) The Same Rights for Both Spouses in Respect of the Ownership, Acquisition, Management, Administration, Enjoyment, and Disposition of Property, Whether Free of Charge or for a Valuable Consideration
- III Article 16(2)
- IV Equality in Context
- C States Parties’ Obligations
- Violence Against Women
- Article 17
- Article 18
- Article 19
- Article 20
- A Introduction
- B Travaux Préparatoires
- C Committee Practice
- I ‘The Committee shall normally meet for a period of not more than two weeks annually …’
- II in order to consider the reports submitted in accordance with article 18 of the present Convention.’
- III ‘The meetings of the Committee shall normally be held at United Nations Headquarters or at any other convenient place as determined by the Committee.’
- Article 21
- Article 22
- Article 23
- A Introduction
- B Travaux Préparatoires
- C Issues of Interpretation
- D Interpretation by the Committee—General Approach
- E Reservations, Declarations, and Understandings
- Article 24
- Article 25
- A Introduction
- B Travaux Préparatoires
- C Practice of States Parties
- D Issues of Interpretation
- Article 26
- Article 27
- Article 28
- Article 29
- Article 30
- Optional Protocol
- A Introduction
- B Background
- C Commentary
- I The Preamble
- II Article 1
- III Article 2
- IV Article 3
- V Article 4
- 1 All Available Domestic Remedies Have Been Exhausted Unless the Application of Such Remedies is Unreasonably Prolonged or Unlikely to Bring Effective Relief
- 2 The Same Matter
- 3 Incompatible
- 4 Manifestly Ill-founded or Not Sufficiently Substantiated
- 5 Abuse of the Right to Submit a Communication
- 6 The Facts … Occurred Prior to the Entry into Force of the Protocol for the State Party Concerned, Unless those Facts Continued after that Date
- VI Article 5
- VII Article 6
- VIII Article 7
- IX Article 8
- X Article 9
- XI Article 10
- XII Article 11
- XIII Article 12
- XIV Article 13
- XV Article 14
- XVI Article 15
- XVII Article 16
- XVIII Article 17
- XIX Article 18
- XX Article 19
- XXI Article 20
- XXII Article 21
- Introduction
- Further Material
- [35.172.164.32]
- 35.172.164.32
