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- Headnote
- Decision [eng]
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- Declaration of President Bedjaoui
- Declaration of Judge Herczegh
- Declaration of Judge Shi
- Declaration of Judge Vereshchetin
- Declaration Of Judge Ferrari Bravo
- Separate Opinion Of Judge Guillaume
- Separate Opinion Of Judge Ranjeva
- Separate Opinion Of Judge Fleischhauer
- Dissenting Opinion Of Vice-President Schwebel
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- 3
- 4
- State Practice
- The Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty
- Negative and Positive Security Assurances Endorsed by the Security Council
- Other Nuclear Treaties
- Resolutions Of The General Assembly
- Principles of International Humanitarian Law
- Extreme Circumstances of Self-Defence and State Survival
- Desert Storm
- Article VI of the Non-Proliferation Treaty
- Dissenting Opinion Of Judge Oda
- I. Introductory Remarks — My Opposition to the Court's Decdision to Render an Opinion in Response to the Request under General Assembly Resolution 49/75 K in This Case
- II. One Aspect of Nuclear Disarmament — the Unsuccessful Efforts over a Long Period to Bring About a Convention “Prohibiting the Use or Threat of Use of Nuclear Weapons under Any Circumstances” as an Immediate Background to the Request to the Court
- III. Another Aspect of Nuclear Disarmament — Nuclear Disarmament in the Period of the Cold War and the Road to the Conclusion of the Non-Proliferation Treaty
- IV. Concluding Remarks
- V. Supplementary Observations on My Position as Regards Paragraph 2 of the Operative Part of the Present Advisory Opinion
- Dissenting Opinion of Judge Shahabuddeen
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- Part I. Introductory and Miscellaneous Matters
- Part II. Whether the Court Could Hold That States Have a Right to Use Nuclear Weapons Having Regard to the General Principles Which Determine When a State Is to Be Considered as Having a Power
- Part III. Whether the Court Could Hold That the Use of Nuclear Weapons is Prohibited by Humanitarian Law
- Part IV. Whether a Prior Prohibitory Rule, if It Existed, Was Modified or Rescinded by the Emergence of a Subsequent Rule
- Part V. The Denuclearization Treaties and the NPT
- Part VI. Conclusion
- Dissenting Opinion of Judge Weeramantry
- Preliminary Observations on the Opinion of the Court
- (a) Reasons for Dissent
- (b) The Positive Aspects of the Court's Opinion
- (c) Particular Comments on the Final Paragraph
- I. Introduction
- 1. Fundamental Importance of Issue before the Court
- 2. Submissions to the Court
- 3. Some Preliminary Observations on the United Nations Charter
- 4. The Law Relevant to Nuclear Weapons
- 5. Introductory Observations on Humanitarian Law
- 6. Linkage between Humanitarian Law and the Realities of War
- 7. The Limit Situation Created by Nuclear Weapons
- 8. Possession and Use
- 9. Differing Attitudes of States Supporting Legality
- 10. The Importance of a Clarification of the Law
- II. Nature and Effects of Nuclear Weapons
- 1. The Nature of the Nuclear Weapon
- 2. Euphemisms Concealing the Realities of Nuclear War
- 3. The Effects of the Nuclear Weapon
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- (a) Damage to the environment and the ecosystem 20
- (b) Damage to future generations
- (c) Damage to civilian populations
- (d) The nuclear winter
- (e) Loss of life
- (f) Medical effects of radiation
- (g) Heat and blast
- (h) Congenital deformities
- (i) Transnational damage
- (j) Potential to destroy all civilization
- (k) The electromagnetic pulse
- (l) Damage to nuclear reactors
- (m) Damage to food productivity
- (n) Multiple nuclear explosions resulting from self-defence
- (o) “The shadow of the mushroom cloud”
- 4. The Uniqueness of Nuclear Weapons
- 5. The Differences in Scientific Knowledge between the Present Time and 1945
- 6. Do Hiroshima and Nagasaki Show that Nuclear War Is Survivable?
- 7. A Perspective from the Past
- III. Humanitarian Law
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- 1. “Elementary Considerations of Humanity”
- 2. Multicultural Background to the Humanitarian Laws of War
- 3. Outline of Humanitarian Law
- 4. Acceptance by States of the Martens Clause
- 5. “The Dictates of Public Conscience”
- 6. Impact of the United Nations Charter and Human Rights on “Considerations of Humanity” and “Dictates of Public Conscience” 103
- 7. The Argument that “Collateral Damage” Is Unintended
- 8. Illegality Exists Independently of Specific Prohibitions
- 9. The “Lotus” Decision
- 10. Specific Rules of the Humanitarian Law of War
- 11. Juristic Opinion
- 12. The 1925 Geneva Gas Protocol
- 13. Article 23 (a) of the Hague Regulations
- IV. Self-Defence
- V. Some General Considerations 1. Two Philosophical Perspectives
- VI. The Attitude of the International Community towards Nuclear Weapons
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- 1. The Universality of the Ultimate Goal of Complete Elimination
- 2. Overwhelming Majorities in Support of Total Abolition
- 3. World Public Opinion
- 4. Current Prohibitions
- 5. Partial Bans
- 6. Who Are the States Most Specially Concerned?
- 7. Have States, by Participating in Regional Treaties, Recognized Nuclear Weapons as Lawful ?
- VII. Some Special Aspects
- 1. The Non-Proliferation Treaty
- 2. Deterrence
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- (i) Meaning of deterrence
- (ii) Deterrence — from what ?
- (iii) The degrees of deterrence
- (iv) Minimum deterrence
- (v) The problem of credibility
- (vi) Deterrence distinguished from possession
- (vii) The legal problem of intention
- (viii) The temptation to use the weapons maintained for deterrence
- (ix) Deterrence and sovereign equality
- (x) Conflict with the St. Petersburg principle
- 3. Reprisals
- 4. Internal Wars
- 5. The Doctrine of Necessity
- 6. Limited or Tactical or Battlefield Nuclear Weapons
- VIII. Some Arguments against the Grant of an Advisory Opinion
- IX. Conclusion
- Appendix (Demonstrating danger to neutral States)
- Preliminary Observations on the Opinion of the Court
- Dissenting Opinion of Judge Koroma
- Dissenting Opinion of Judge Higgins
- [3.235.40.122]
- 3.235.40.122
