1 Westphalian system, or Westphalian model, Westphalian paradigm, Westphalian regime etc are terms frequently used by international relations scholars (International Relations, Principal Theories) as a shorthand for the fundamental transformation of international relations which is said to have taken place in the 17th century, replacing the previously dominant idea of a Christian commonwealth governed by universal institutions—ie the Pope and the Emperor—with an international order consisting mainly or exclusively of independent sovereign States (Sovereignty)...
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