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View translated passages only
Oxford Law Citator
Contents
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Preliminary Material
Dedication
Contents
Main Text
1 Introduction
I Overview of Book
II The Inter-American Human Rights System’s Impact, Major Institutions, and Legal Instruments
A Impact and Importance of the Inter-American System
B The Organization of American States, the American Convention, and Other Critical Human Rights Instruments
C The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights
D The Inter-American Court of Human Rights
1 Introduction
2 The Court in Relation to the Commission
3 The Court’s Ratione Materiae, Ratione Temporis, Ratione Personae, and Ratione Loci Jurisdiction
4 Note on the Court’s Assessment of Evidence and Burden of Proof
III Key Developments and Critiques of the Inter-American Jurisprudence
A Introduction
B Extensive State Obligations to Respect and Ensure Rights
C Article 63: Reparations
D Article 24: Right to Equality
E Article 4: Right to Life
F Article 5: Right to Humane Treatment
G Article 7: Right to Personal Liberty
H Rights to Due Process and Judicial Protection
1 Article 8: Right to a Fair Trial
2 Article 25: Right to Judicial Protection
I Article 13: Freedom of Expression
J Article 21: Right to Property
IV The Book’s Structure and Methodology
A Note on Judgment Citations
2 Equality
Preliminary Material
Chapter 2 Contents
I Introduction
II Background
III Scope of Protection
A The Relationship of Article 24 and Article 1
B The Assessment of Discrimination
1 Definitions and State Obligations
2 The Progression of the Court’s Case Law: Discrimination in Law and in Fact
a Introduction
b Perceived Political Opponents
c Disadvantaged Groups
d Synthesis
3 Atala Riffo and the Court’s Current Approach to Discrimination
3 Life
Preliminary Material
Chapter 3 Contents
I Introduction
II Background
III Extensive State Obligations to Respect and Ensure the Right to Life
A Introduction
B Duty to Respect
C Duty to Ensure (or “Protect”)
1 Overview
2 Duty to Prevent through Legal Regulation
3 Duty to Adopt “Prevention and Protection Measures” in Threatening Circumstances
4 Duty to Investigate and Punish
IV Scope of Protection
A Meaning of “Every Person” and “In General, From the Moment of Conception”
B Meaning of “No One Shall Be Arbitrarily Deprived” of Life
1 The Death Penalty
a Introduction
b “Only For The Most Serious Crimes”
c The “Mandatory” Death Penalty
d Due Process Requirements
e Right to Apply for Pardon, Amnesty, or Commutation
2 Use of Lethal Force in Law Enforcement Scenarios
a Introduction
b The Principles of Legality, Necessity, and Proportionality
c The Burden of Proof
d State Duties after the Use of Force
3 Use of Lethal Force in Armed Conflicts
4 Arbitrary Deprivation of Life of Imprisoned Individuals
a Introduction
b Detention Conditions and Healthcare
c Security Operations in Prisons
5 Forced Disappearances of Persons
a Introduction and Definition
b The Right to Life and Ratione Temporis Jurisdiction
C The Concept of Vida Digna
4 Humane Treatment
Preliminary Material
Chapter 4 Contents
I Introduction
II Background
III Scope of Protection
A A Broad Right with Uncertain Parameters
B Definitions of Torture and the Inter-American Convention to Prevent and Punish Torture
C The Inter-American Court’s Three-Part Test for Torture
D Involvement of State Actors: A Fourth Requirement?
E Considerations of Evidence and Proof
F Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Punishment or Treatment
1 Introduction
2 Sexual Violence and Violence against Women
3 State-Sanctioned Punishment
a Corporal Punishment
b The Death Penalty
c Life Imprisonment: Children
4 Detention Conditions and Practices
5 Forced Disappearance
6 Threats of “Severe Physical Injuries”
7 Treatment of Children
G Violations to Personal Integrity below the Threshold of Article 5(2)
H Investigation and Prevention: State Obligations to Ensure the Rights of Article 5
I Article 5(3): No Extension of Punishment beyond the Convicted Individual
J Article 5(4): Separate Location and Treatment for Unconvicted Persons in Detention
K Article 5(5): Separate Proceedings and Facilities for Children in the Criminal Justice System
L Article 5(6): “Reform and Social Readaptation” of Prisoners
5 Personal Liberty
Preliminary Material
Chapter 5 Contents
I Introduction
II Background
III Scope of Protection
A Overview
1 Right to Physical Liberty
2 Right to Personal Security
B General Requirements to Deprive Liberty: The Principles of Legality and Arbitrariness
1 The Legality Principle
a Restriction of Liberty Always the Exception
b Ordered by a Competent Judicial Authority
I Synthesis
II Detentions without Judicial Warrants: Exceptional Cases
c State Obligation to Register Detentions
d Detention Time Limits and Orders for Release
e Pretrial Detention as Illegal Detention
f Court’s Increasing Reluctance to Find Violations of Article 7(2)
2 The Arbitrariness Principle
a Synthesis
b Forced Disappearances
c Pretrial Detention as Arbitrary Detention
I Sufficient Evidence of Criminal Responsibility
II Risks to the Criminal Proceeding
III Detention in Immigration Proceedings
IV Pretrial Detention of Special Sectors of the Population
V Time Limits for Pretrial Detention
3 Methodological Problems: Legality and Arbitrariness
C the Specific Requirements of Paragraphs 4, 5, and 6 of Article 7
1 Article 7(4): Reasons for Detention and Notification of Charges
a Reasons for Detention
b Notification of Charges
2 Article 7(5): Judicial Supervision
a Brought “Before a Judge or Other Officer Authorized by Law”
b Right to Trial “Within a Reasonable Time”
3 Article 7(6): The Right to Habeas Corpus
4 Article 7(7): “No One Shall Be Detained for Debt”
6 Due Process and Judicial Protection
Preliminary Material
Chapter 6 Contents
I Introduction
A Many Similarities among the Major Human Rights Treaties
B Variances among the Human Rights Systems
C Background
II Article 8(1)
A Introduction and Meaning of “Right to a Hearing”
B Meaning of “With Due Guarantees”
C Meaning of “Within a Reasonable Time”
D Meaning of “Competent, Independent, and Impartial Tribunal, Previously Established by Law”
1 “Tribunal”
2 “Competent”
3 “Independent”
4 “Impartial”
5 “Previously Established by Law”
III Article 8(2) and the Right to Be Presumed Innocent
A Article 8(2)(a): The Right to be Assisted by a Translator or Interpreter
B Article 8(2)(b): Prior Notification in Detail of Charges
C Article 8(2)(c): Adequate Time and Means for Preparation of Defense
D Article 8(2)(d): The Right to Defend Oneself Personally or to Be Assisted by Legal Counsel, and to Communicate Freely and Privately with Counsel
E Article 8(2)(e): The Right to be Assisted by Counsel Provided by the State
F Article 8(2)(f): The Right of the Defense to Present and Examine Witnesses
G Article 8(2)(g) and Article 8(3): The Right Not to Be Compelled to Be a Witness against Oneself; Coercion and Confessions
H Article 8(2)(h): The Right to Appeal a Judgment to a Higher Court
I The Right to Effective Access to Consular Assistance
IV Article 8(4): An Acquitted Person Shall Not Be Subjected to a New Trial for the Same Cause
V Article 8(5): Public Criminal Proceedings
Chapter 6 Contents (Continued)
I Introduction and Background
II Article 25(1): “Simple, Prompt and Effective” Remedies
A “Simple” and “Prompt” Remedies
B “Effective” Remedies
III Article 25(2): Enforcement of National Judgments
IV The Boundaries of “Judicial Protection”
A The Right of Access to Justice
B Combining Articles 8 and 25: A Critique
C The Court’s Current, Broader View of Article 25
7 Freedom of Expression
Preliminary Material
Chapter 7 Contents
I Introduction
II Background
III Scope of Protection
A Meaning of “Everyone”
B Protected Expression
C Safeguards for Journalists
D Right of Access to State-Held Information
IV Limitations to Article 13
A Introduction
B Prior Censorship
1 Overview
2 Prohibitions against Offensive Content
C Subsequent Imposition of Liability
1 Overview and General Requirements
2 Subsequent Criminal Liability
a Introduction
b The Honor and Reputation of the Armed Forces
c The Honor and Reputation of Public Officials
3 Subsequent Civil Liability
D “Indirect” Restrictions
E Cases of Persecution Leading to Generic Violations of Article 13(1)
F Incitements to Violence: Article 13(5)
8 Property
Preliminary Material
Chapter 8 Contents
I Introduction
II Background
III Scope of Protection
A Many Forms of Property Recognized
B Rights to Communal Property
IV Limitations to the Right to Property
A Right to Property Not Absolute
B Meaning of “Just Compensation”
C Meaning of “Reasons of Public Utility or Social Interest”
D Meaning of “In the Cases and According to the Forms Established by Law”
E Specific Approaches to Limitations
1 Restrictions during Criminal Investigations and Police Action
2 Protective Framework for Traditional Territories
9 Reparations
Preliminary Material
Chapter 9 Contents
I Introduction
II Background
III The “Injured Party” of Article 63(1) and Related Topics
IV Monetary Remedies
A Pecuniary Damages
B Moral Damages
1 In General
2 Community Development Programs
V Non-Monetary Remedies
A Background
B Restitution
C Rehabilitation
D Recognition of Responsibility and Apologies
E Memorials and Commemorations
F Reform of Legislation and Policy, Training Programs
VI Legal Fees and Expenses
VII Supervision and Compliance with the Court’s Judgments
A Binding and Final Nature of Judgments
B Introduction to Supervision
C Cases of Noncompliance
D Compliance Rates
VIII Provisional Measures of Article 63(2)
Further Material
Appendix List of Inter-American Court Judgments by American Convention Article: Articles 2–26
Article 2: Domestic Legal Effects
Article 3: Right to Juridical Personality
Article 4: Right to Life
Article 5: Right to Humane Treatment
Article 6: Freedom from Slavery
Article 7: Right to Personal Liberty
Article 8: Right to a Fair Trial
Article 8(1)
Article 8(2)–(5)
Article 9: Freedom from Ex Post Facto Laws
Article 10: Right to Compensation
Article 11: Right to Privacy
Article 12: Freedom of Conscience and Religion
Article 13: Freedom of Thought and Expression
Article 14: Right of Reply
Article 15: Right of Assembly
Article 16: Freedom of Association
Article 17: Rights of the Family
Article 18: Right to a Name
Article 19: Rights of the Child
Article 20: Right to Nationality
Article 21: Right to Property
Article 22: Freedom of Movement and Residence
Article 23: Right to Participate in Government
Article 24: Right to Equal Protection
Article 25: Right to Judicial Protection
Article 26: Progressive Development
Index
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Appendix List of Inter-American Court Judgments by American Convention Article: Articles 2–26
From:
The American Convention on Human Rights: Essential Rights
Thomas M. Antkowiak, Alejandra Gonza
Content type:
Book content
Product:
Oxford Scholarly Authorities on International Law [OSAIL]
Published in print:
21 April 2017
ISBN:
9780199989683
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