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Oxford Law Citator
Contents
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Preliminary Material
Acknowledgment
Table of Contents
Table of Cases
International Courts and Tribunals
African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights
African Court of Human and Peoples’ Rights
Court of Justice of the European Union (formerly European Court of Justice)
European Committee of Social Rights
European Court of Human Rights
Inter-American Commission on Human Rights
Inter-American Court of Human Rights
International Court of Justice and Permanent Court of International Justice
Inter-State Arbitration Awards
International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS)
Investment Arbitration Awards
UN Human Rights Committee
WTO and GATT Disputes
National Courts
Australia
Bangladesh
Canada
France
India
Netherlands
Philippines
Singapore
Sri Lanka
United Kingdom
United States
Table of Treaties and Instruments
Declarations
Treaties and ILC Drafts
United Nations Resolutions
General Assembly
Human Rights Council
Security Council
European Union Law
Directives
Regulations
National Law
Australia
Germany
Ghana
New Zealand
Peoples’ Republic of China
South Africa
United Kingdom
United States
List of Abbreviations
List of Contributors
Main Text
1 The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development
Preliminary Material
I) Introduction
II) The Rio Declaration in Historical Perspective
1 Two storylines
2 The broader context of the Rio Declaration
3 The birth of the Rio Declaration
III) The Architecture(s) of the Rio Declaration
1 Structure and scope
2 Models
3 The significance of the Rio Declaration
IV) The Principles and their Impact
1 Methodology
2 The principles enshrined in the Rio Declaration
2.1 Principle 1: Human beings and the environment
2.2 Principle 2: Prevention
2.3 Principle 3: From a right to development to intergenerational equity
2.4 Principle 4: Sustainable development through integration
2.5 Principle 5: Poverty eradication
2.6 Principle 6: Special situation of developing countries
2.7 Principle 7: Common but differentiated responsibilities
2.8 Principle 8: Sustainable patterns of production and consumption and demographic policies
2.9 Principle 9: Science and technology
2.10 Principle 10: Public participation
2.11 Principle 11: Environmental legislation
2.12 Principle 12: The environment and trade
2.13 Principle 13: Liability and compensation
2.14 Principle 14: Dangerous substances and activities
2.15 Principle 15: Precaution
2.16 Principle 16: The polluter-pays principle
2.17 Principle 17: Environmental impact assessment
2.18 Principle 18: Notification and assistance in case of emergency
2.19 Principle 19: Notification and consultation on activities with transboundary impact
2.20 Principle 20: The role of women
2.21 Principle 21: The role of the youth
2.22 Principle 22: Indigenous people and sustainable development
2.23 Principle 23: The environment of oppressed peoples
2.24 Principle 24: The environment in armed conflict
2.25 Principle 25: Peace, development and environmental protection
2.26 Principle 26: International environmental dispute settlement
2.27 Principle 27: Cooperation in a spirit of global partnership
3 The lacunae of the Rio Declaration
V) Concluding Remarks: the Unlikely Constitution
VI) Select Bibliography
2 The Philosophy of the Rio Declaration
Preliminary Material
I) Introduction
II) A Fresh Look at the Earth
1 ‘The Earth, our home’
2 The enduring relevance of Protagoras
III) A Duty of Collective Solidarity
1 A call for collective responsibility
2 Return to Kant
IV) Conclusion
3 Changing Conceptions of Environmental Risk
Preliminary Material
I) Introduction
II) Place of Science in International Environmental Law
III) Precautionary Challenge
IV) Competing Conceptions of Environmental Risk
V) Conclusion
4 The Preamble of the Rio Declaration
Preliminary Material
I) Introduction
II) Reaffirming the Stockholm Declaration
III) Environment and Human Rights
IV) New Levels of Cooperation
V) Working Towards International Agreements
VI) The Integral and Interdependent Nature of the Earth
5 Principle 1
Preliminary Material
Principle 1
I) Origins and Rationale of the Principle
II) The Principle as Enshrined in the Rio Declaration
1 Preparatory work and context
2 Scope and dimensions
2.1 Human beings and the temporal scope of sustainable development
2.2 Sustainable development and human rights
3 Normative impact
3.1 Human rights and the environment
3.2 Human rights and climate change
3.3 Business and human rights
3.4 Other topics: water and toxic waste
4 Jurisprudential relevance
III) Relations with Other Principles
IV) Assessment: Sovereignty, Then and Now
V) Select Bibliography
6 Principle 2
Preliminary Material
Principle 2
I) Origins and Rationale of the Principle
II) The Principle as Enshrined in the Rio Declaration
1 Preparatory work and context
1.1 Overview
1.2 Proposals included in ‘L.8’
1.3 The ‘Stockholm principle’ in PrepCom IV
2 Scope and dimensions
2.1 The normative components of the prevention principle
2.1.1 From no-harm to prevention
2.1.2 The three components of the prevention principle
2.1.2.1 Overview
2.1.2.2 Sovereignty over natural resources
2.1.2.3 Preventing harm to the environment of other States
2.1.2.4 Preventing harm to the environment beyond national jurisdiction
2.1.3 Prevention and due diligence
2.1.4 Prevention in a domestic context
2.2 Legal nature
2.2.1 Nature and functions
2.2.2 Legal grounding
3 Normative impact
3.1 Treaty law
3.2 Codification work
3.2.1 Prevention in the International Law Commission (1978–2001)
3.2.2 Prevention in the Commission on Sustainable Development (1995)
3.2.3 Prevention in the Institut de Droit International (1997)
3.2.4 Prevention in the work of the International Law Association (1992–2012)
4 Jurisprudential relevance
4.1 The International Court of Justice
4.2 Inter-State arbitration
4.3 The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea
4.4 Human rights fora
4.5 The WTO Dispute Settlement Body
4.6 Investment arbitration tribunals
4.7 Court of Justice of the European Union
4.8 Domestic courts
III) Relations with Other Principles
1 Overview
2 Prevention and cooperation
3 Prevention and the requirement to conduct an environmental impact assessment
4 Prevention and precaution
IV) Assessment
V) Select Bibliography
7 Principle 3
Preliminary Material
Principle 3
I) Origins and Rationale of the Principle
II) The Principle as Enshrined in the Rio Declaration
1 Preparatory work and context
1.1 Overview
1.2 The G77+China’s proposals
1.3 Northern proposals
1.4 The compromise
2 Scope and dimensions
2.1 From a right to development to intergenerational equity
2.2 Legal nature
3 Normative impact
3.1 International instruments
3.2 Ombudsman for future generations
3.3 Intergenerational trust
3.4 Sustainable investing
3.5 Economics and generational accounting
4 Jurisprudential relevance
4.1 A component of sustainable development?
4.2 Future generations’ rights
4.3 Jus standi
4.4 Environmental impact assessment
III) Relations with Other Principles
IV) Assessment
V) Select Bibliography
8 Principle 4
Preliminary Material
Principle 4
I) Origins and Rationale of the Principle
II) The Principle as Enshrined in the Rio Declaration
1 Preparatory work and context
2 Scope and dimensions
2.1 Conceptual nature
2.2 Meaning
2.3 Modus operandi
2.3.1 Overview
2.3.2 Integrative decision-making
2.3.3 Normative integration 1: norm-creation
2.3.4 Normative integration 2: norm-application and interpretation
2.4 Legal nature
3 Normative impact
3.1 Overview
3.2 Environmental clauses in non-environmental treaty contexts
3.3 Integration in multilateral environmental agreements
3.4 Integration in mixed regimes
3.5 Integration in natural resource treaties
3.6 Integration in European law
4 Jurisprudential relevance
4.1 Overview
4.2 The jurisprudence of the ICJ
4.3 The Iron-Rhine Arbitration
4.4 The jurisprudence of the WTO Dispute Settlement Body
4.5 The jurisprudence of Investment Tribunals
4.6 The jurisprudence of the European Court of Justice
4.7 The jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights
III) Relations with Other Principles
IV) Assessment
V) Select Bibliography
9 Principle 5
Preliminary Material
Principle 5
I) Origins and Rationale of the Principle
1 Introduction
2 Precedents of the Principle in the Stockholm Declaration
II) The Principle as Enshrined in the Rio Declaration
1 Travaux préparatoires
1.1 Poverty eradication as a condition for sustainable development
1.2 Preparatory committees
2 Scope and dimensions
2.1 Nature
2.2 Elements of Principle 5
2.2.1 The task of ‘poverty eradication’
2.2.2 Poverty in light of international human rights law
2.2.3 ‘states shall cooperate’ for the task of poverty eradication
3 Legal basis
3.1 UN Charter, UN Declarations on Socio-Economic Development
3.2 International treaties in the area of economic, social and cultural rights
3.2.1 Relevant ESCR
3.2.2 Obligations of States and the practice of treaty monitoring bodies
3.2.3 ESCR Enforcement Mechanisms
3.3 Global policies on poverty reduction
3.3.1 MDGs
3.3.2 Johannesburg Declaration on Sustainable Development
3.3.3 Rio+20
4 Normative impact
5 Jurisprudential relevance
III) Relations with Other Principles
IV) Assessment
V) Select Bibliography
10 Principle 6
Preliminary Material
Principle 6
I) Origins and Rationale of the Principle
II) The Principle as Enshrined in the Rio Declaration
1 Preparatory work and context
1.1 Precedents
1.2 Travaux préparatoires
1.2.1 Overview
1.2.2 A consensus on the need for differentiation
1.2.3 A consensus on developing and environmentally vulnerable States
1.2.4 The reference to ‘other states’
2 Scope and dimensions
2.1 Overview
2.2 The subject-matter of Principle 6: ‘any international action in the field of environment and development’
2.3 Distinguishing obligations according to groups of States
2.3.1 Developing States and those environmentally vulnerable
2.3.1.1 Identifying environmentally vulnerable and developing countries’ situation and needs
2.3.1.2 The content of the obligation to give ‘special priority’ to the situation and the needs of developing countries
2.3.2 Other States
2.3.2.1 States transitioning towards market economy
2.3.2.2 Content of the second sentence of Principle 6: ‘all countries’
2.4 Nature of the principle
3 Normative impact
3.1 Prioritizing the interests of developing and environmentally vulnerable countries when setting up the international agenda for cooperation
3.2 Granting special treatment to developing countries according to their needs
3.3 Taking into account the special situation of developing countries through development assistance
III) Relations with Other Principles
IV) Assessment
V) Select Bibliography
11 Principle 7
Preliminary Material
Principle 7
I) Origins and Rationale of the Principle
II) The Principle as Enshrined in the Rio Declaration
1 Preparatory work and context
2 Scope and Dimensions
2.1 Partnership and equity
2.2 Nature of the principle
3 Normative impact
3.1 Overview
3.2 Non-reciprocity
3.3 Contextualized reciprocity
3.4 Restatement of CBDR
4 Jurisprudential relevance
III) Relations with Other Principles
IV) Assessment: Principle 7 as a Linchpin of International Environmental Law
V) Select Bibliography
12 Principle 8
Preliminary Material
Principle 8
I) Origins and Rationale of the Principle
II) The Principle as Enshrined in the Rio Declaration
1 Preparatory work and context
1.1 Conceptual evolution
1.2 From Rio 1992 to Rio 2012
1.2.1 The 1992 Earth Summit
1.2.2 WSSD (2002) and the Marrakesh Process
1.2.3 Rio 2012 and the 10YFP
2 Barriers
3 Scope and dimensions
3.1 Legal nature
3.2 SCP and the three pillars of sustainable development
3.3 Sustainable production and consumption patterns
3.3.1 Definition
3.3.2 Scope
3.4 Appropriate demographic policies
4 Normative impact
4.1 Overview
4.2 Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer
4.3 MEAs on waste: Basel, Rotterdam, and Stockholm
4.4 Convention on Biological Diversity
4.5 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
4.6 The nature of MEAs and SCP
III) Relations with Other Principles
1 SCPs many inter-linkages with other Rio Principles
2 Common but differentiated responsibilities (Principle 7)
3 Growth and free trade (Principle 12)
4 Tensions
IV) Assessment
V) Select Bibliography
13 Principle 9
Preliminary Material
Principle 9
I) Origins and Rationale of the Principle
II) The Principle as Enshrined in the Rio Declaration
1 Preparatory work and context
2 Scope and dimensions
2.1 The two dimensions of the principle
2.1.1 Overview
2.1.2 Scientific cooperation
2.1.3 Transfer of technologies
2.2 Legal nature
3 Normative impact
3.1 Scientific cooperation
3.1.1 Overview
3.1.2 The Convention on Migratory Species
3.1.3 The Convention on Biological Diversity
3.2 Transfer of technologies
3.2.1 Policy documents
3.2.2 Multilateral environmental agreements
3.2.3 The link between finance and technology
3.2.4 Market mechanisms
3.2.5 Technology, intellectual property rights, and trade
4 Jurisprudential relevance
III) Relations with Other Principles
IV) Assessment
V) Select Bibliography
14 Principle 10
Preliminary Material
Principle 10
I) Origins and Rationale of the Principle
1 Origins
2 Rationale
II) The Principle as Enshrined in the Rio Declaration
1 Preparatory work and context
2 Scope and dimensions
2.1 Legal issues
2.2 Legal nature
3 Normative impact
3.1 Instruments and regimes of global scope
3.1.1 Sustainable development policy instruments
3.1.2 Treaties adopted at UNCED and its aftermath
3.1.3 Treaties on trade and use of harmful matters
3.1.4 Treaties on benefit-sharing and resources
3.1.5 Treaties on nuclear energy
3.1.6 The UNEP Bali Guidelines
3.1.7 Human rights instruments
3.1.8 The ILC Prevention Articles
3.2 Instruments and regimes of regional scope
3.2.1 Europe and Central Asia
3.2.2 Americas
3.2.3 Africa
3.2.4 Asia and the Pacific
4 Jurisprudential relevance
4.1 Jurisprudence of global scope
4.2 Europe and Central Asia
4.3 Americas
4.4 Africa
4.5 Asia and the Pacific
III) Connections with Other Principles
IV) Assessment
V) Select Bibliography
15 Principle 11
Preliminary Material
Principle 11
I) Origins and Rationale of the Principle
II) The Principle as Enshrined in the Rio Declaration
1 Preparatory work and context
2 Scope and dimensions
2.1 Nature
2.2 Enactment of effective environmental legislation
2.3 Differentiated harmonization of national laws
3 Legal basis
4 Normative impact
4.1 Effective environmental legislation
4.2 Differentiated harmonization
5 Jurisprudential relevance
III) Relations with Other Principles
IV) Assessment
V) Select Bibliography
16 Principle 12
Preliminary Material
Principle 12
I) Origins and Rationale of the Principle
II) The Principle as Enshrined in the Rio Declaration
1 Preparatory work and context
2 Scope and dimensions
2.1 The four dimensions of Principle 12
2.1.1 Open international economic system to better address degradation
2.1.2 Non-discrimination
2.1.2.1 The chapeau
2.1.2.2 Likeness
2.1.2.3 PPMs
2.1.3 Unilateral measures and extraterritorality
2.1.4 International consensus
2.2 Legal nature
3 Normative impact
3.1 Instruments adopted at UNCED
3.1.1 Agenda 21
3.1.2 The Forest Principles
3.1.3 The UNFCCC and border adjustments
3.2 Other instruments
4 Jurisprudential relevance
III) Relations with Other Principles
IV) Assessment
V) Select Bibliography
17 Principle 13
Preliminary Material
Principle 13
I) Origins and Rationale of the Principle
II) The Principle as Enshrined in the Rio Declaration
1 Preparatory work and context
2 Scope and dimensions
2.1 Legal nature
2.2 The dimensions of liability for environmental damage
3 Normative impact
3.1 International regimes: Treaty practice
3.1.1 State responsibility for environmental damage
3.1.2 State liability for environmental damage
3.1.3 Multilateral environmental agreements and civil liability regimes
3.1.3.1 Overview
3.1.3.2 The Basel Liability Protocol
3.1.3.3 The Nagoya-Kuala Lumpur Supplementary Protocol
3.1.4 Traditional civil liability regimes established by treaty
3.1.4.1 Overview
3.1.4.2 Liability and compensation for oil pollution from ships
3.1.4.2.1 The legal framework:
3.1.4.2.2 Jurisprudential applications:
3.1.4.3 Liability for nuclear damage
3.2 Domestic regimes: Selected case studies
3.2.1 Overview
3.2.2 The EU Environmental Liability Directive
3.2.2.1 The legal framework
3.2.2.2 Jurisprudential applications
3.2.3 Liability for environmental damage in the United States
3.2.3.1 The CERCLA
3.2.3.1.1 The legal framework:
3.2.3.1.2 Jurisprudential applications:
3.2.3.2 The OPA
3.2.3.2.1 The legal framework:
3.2.3.2.2 Jurisprudential applications:
3.2.4 Liability for environmental damage in the People’s Republic of China
3.2.4.1 The Tort Liability Law
3.2.4.2 Oil pollution compensation schemes
III) Relations with Other Principles
IV) Assessment
V) Select Bibliography
18 Principle 14
Preliminary Material
Principle 14
I) Origins and Rationale of the Principle
1 Overview
2 The Basel Convention
3 The Bamako Convention
II) The Principle as Enshrined in the Rio Declaration
1 Preparatory work and context
2 Scope and dimensions
2.1 Prior informed consent
2.2 Legal nature
3 Normative impact
3.1 Hazardous wastes
3.1.1 The Basel trade ban
3.1.2 Radioactive waste
3.2 Hazardous chemicals
3.2.1 The Rotterdam Convention
3.2.2 The Stockholm Convention
3.2.3 The Minamata Convention
3.3 Genetically modified organisms
3.4 Pragmatism and environmentally sound transfers
4 Jurisprudential relevance
4.1 The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea
4.2 The International Court of Justice
4.3 Investment arbitration
III) Relations with Other Principles
1 Principle 14 and ‘no-harm’
2 Principle 14 and cooperation
3 Principle 14 and the obligation to conduct an environmental impact assessment
4 Principle 14 and sustainable development
5 Principle 14 and prevention
IV) Assessment
V) Select Bibliography
19 Principle 15
Preliminary Material
Principle 15
I) Origins and Rationale of the Principle
II) The Principle as Enshrined in the Rio Declaration
1 Preparatory work and context
2 Scope and dimensions
2.1 The many faces of precaution
2.1.1 Justification or obligation?
2.1.2 Precaution and prudence
2.1.3 Precaution and the burden/standard of proof
2.2 Triggering thresholds
2.3 Legal nature
2.3.1 Principle or approach?
2.3.2 Legal basis
3 Normative impact
3.1 Overview
3.2 Precaution and the marine environment
3.3 Precaution and watercourses
3.4 Precaution and the atmosphere
3.5 Precaution and chemicals
3.6 Precaution and biodiversity
3.7 Precaution and the ILC Prevention Articles
4 Jurisprudential developments
4.1 Overview
4.2 International Court of Justice
4.3 International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea
4.4 The WTO dispute settlement body
4.5 European Court of Human Rights
4.6 European Courts
4.7 Inter-American Court of Human Rights
III) Relations with Other Principles
1 Prevention and precaution
2 Precaution and the obligation to carry out an environmental impact assessment
3 Precaution and the obligation to notify and consult
4 Precaution and sustainable development
5 Precaution and CBDR
IV) Assessment
V) Select Bibliography
20 Principle 16
Preliminary Material
Principle 16
I) Origins and Rationale of the Principle
II) The Principle as Enshrined in the Rio Declaration
1 Preparatory work and context
2 Scope and dimensions
2.1 The polluter, the obligation and the ‘costs’
2.1.1 Overview
2.1.2 The scope of the polluter’s obligation
2.1.3 Bearing environmental and pollution prevention costs
2.2 The caveat: trade, investment, and the public interest
2.3 Legal nature
3 Normative impact
3.1 Regulatory economic approaches to make the polluter pay
3.1.1 Instruments
3.1.2 Standards and charges
3.1.2.1 Overview
3.1.2.2 Corporate average fuel economy (CAFE)
3.1.2.3 Feebates
3.1.2.4 Renewable electricity/energy standards (‘RES’)
3.1.3 Emissions trading
3.1.3.1 Cap-and-trade systems
3.1.3.2 The Kyoto Protocol
3.1.3.3 New market mechanisms for emissions trading (‘NMM’)
3.1.3.3.1 Overview:
3.1.3.3.2 Government crediting system (‘GCS’):
3.1.3.3.3 Tradable intensity standard (‘TIS’):
3.1.3.3.4 Installation-based emission trading system (‘IB-ETS’):
3.1.3.4 Carbon capture and storage (‘CCS’) instruments
3.1.4 Non-market-based instruments
3.1.4.1 Subsidies and Financial assistance
3.1.4.2 Renewable energy feed in tariffs schemes (‘REFiT’)
3.1.5 ‘Polluter-pays’: the liability context
3.2 International investment and environmental cost-spreading mechanisms
3.2.1 Overview
3.2.2 Foreign investment: corporate accountability, SRI, and CSR perspectives
3.2.3 ECI implementation systems
3.2.3.1 Public-private partnerships and market mechanism
3.2.3.2 Environmental project financing (EPF)
III) Relations with Other Principles
IV) Assessment
V) Select Bibliography
21 Principle 17
Preliminary Material
Principle 17
I) Origins and Rationale of the Principle
1 The NEPA
2 Expansion
3 The broader context of the Rio negotiation
II) The Principle as Enshrined in the Rio Declaration
1 Preparatory work
2 Scope and Dimensions
2.1 Scope of the obligation
2.1.1 Type of activity
2.1.2 Threshold
2.1.3 Geographic scope
2.1.4 Content of EIA
2.1.5 Participation
2.1.6 Final decision
2.2 Legal nature
3 Normative impact
4 Jurisprudential relevance
III) Relations with Other Principles
1 Principle 2—Prevention
2 Principle 19—Notice and consultation
3 Principle 10—Public participation
IV) Assessment
V) Select Bibliography
22 Principle 18
Preliminary Material
Principle 18
I) Origins and Rationale of the Principle
II) The Principle as Enshrined in the Rio Declaration
1 Preparatory work
2 Scope and dimensions
2.1 The duty to notify
2.1.1 The trigger: natural disasters and emergencies
2.1.2 Content of the duty: disaster phase
2.1.2.1 The duty
2.1.2.2 Who must notify?
2.1.2.3 ‘Immediately’
2.1.2.4 Information
2.1.2.5 Who must be notified?
2.1.3 Prevention and management: pre and post-disaster phases
2.1.4 Legal nature of the duty to notify
2.2 Assistance in case of disaster
2.2.1 A duty of assistance?
2.2.2 Duties of the territorial State (in this context the ‘affected State’)
2.2.3 Legal nature of the duty of assistance
3 Normative impact
3.1 Overview
3.2 The duty to notify in Some Selected Instruments
3.2.1 The 1992 UNECE Convention on Industrial Accidents
3.2.2 The 1998 Tampere Convention
3.2.3 The 2001 European framework
3.2.4 The 2005 ASEAN Agreement
3.2.5 The Hyogo process
3.2.6 The ILC work on Protection of persons in the event of disaster
3.3 The duty of assistance
3.3.1 Imperfect obligations
3.3.2 Assistance and sovereignty
III) Relations with Other Principles
IV) Assessment
V) Select Bibliography
23 Principle 19
Preliminary Material
Principle 19
I) Origins and Rationale of the Principle
II) The Principle as Enshrined in the Rio Declaration
1 Preparatory work and context
2 Scope and dimensions
2.1 Characterization of the trigger effect
2.2 The conditions of implementation of the principle
2.2.1 The initiative of notification
2.2.2 Content and time of the notification
2.2.2.1 Content
2.2.2.2 Time
2.2.3 Consultation and negotiation
2.2.3.1 Consultation and negotiation process
2.2.3.2 Consultation and prior consent
2.3 Legal nature
3 Normative impact
3.1 Reception in treaties
3.2 Codification institutions
4 Jurisprudential relevance
III) Relations with Other Principles
IV) Assessment
V) Select Bibliography
24 Principle 20
Preliminary Material
Principle 20
I) Origins and Rationale of the Principle
II) The Principle as Enshrined in the Rio Declaration
1 Preparatory work and context
2 Scope and dimensions
2.1 The components of the principle
2.1.1 Women’s role in ‘environmental management’
2.1.2 Women’s role in development
2.1.3 Women’s full participation
2.2 Legal nature
3 Normative impact
III) Relations with Other Principles
1 Women and indigenous peoples as vulnerable/marginalized groups?
2 Connection with Principle 10
IV) Assessment
V) Select Bibliography
25 Principle 21
Preliminary Material
Principle 21
I) Origins and Rationale of the Principle
II) The Principle as Enshrined in the Rio Declaration
1 Preparatory work and context
2 Scope and dimensions
2.1 Legal nature
2.2 Youth as a ‘Major Group’
2.3 Youth mobilization as set out in Agenda 21
2.4 Participation in environmental decision-making processes
2.5 Environmental education and awareness raising
3 Normative impact
4 Reception in international jurisprudence
III) Relations with Other Principles
IV) Assessment
V) Select Bibliography
26 Principle 22
Preliminary Material
Principle 22
I) Origins and Rationale of the Principle
II) The Principle as Enshrined in the Rio Declaration
1 Preparatory work and context
2 Scope and dimensions
2.1 Indigenous ‘people’ and sustainable development
2.2 Legal nature
3 Normative impact
3.1 Overview
3.2 Agenda 21
3.3 Multilateral environmental agreements
3.4 Global human rights treaties
3.5 The ILO Convention No. 169
3.6 The UNDRIP
3.7 The Rio Summit 2012
4 Jurisprudential relevance
4.1 The Inter-American context
4.2 The African context
III) Relations with Other Principles
IV) Assessment
V) Select Bibliography
27 Principle 23
Preliminary Material
Principle 23
I) Origins and Rationale of the Principle
II) The Principle as Enshrined in the Rio Declaration
1 Preparatory work and context
2 Scope and dimensions
2.1 The two dimensions of the principle
2.1.1 Overview
2.1.2 ‘Permanent Sovereignty’ and the rights of oppressed people
2.1.3 The law of belligerent occupation and the rights of occupied peoples
2.2 Legal nature
3 Normative impact
3.1 Indigenous ‘property’ and the rights of dominated people
3.2 Inter-American human rights system
3.3 African human rights system
III) Relations with Other Principles
IV) Assessment
V) Select Bibliography
28 Principle 24
Preliminary Material
Principle 24
I) Origins and Rationale of the Principle
II) The Principle as Enshrined in the Rio Declaration
1 Preparatory work and context
2 Scope and dimensions
2.1 Dimensions
2.2 Legal nature
3 Normative impact
3.1 The work of the International Law Commission
3.1.1 Effects of armed conflict on treaties
3.1.2 The protection of the environment ‘in relation to’ armed conflict
3.2 International humanitarian law
3.2.1 Overview
3.2.2 Principles of international humanitarian law
3.2.3 Specific environmental provisions
3.2.4 The impact of environmental principles on international humanitarian law
3.3 International criminal law
3.4 International human rights law
3.5 Environmental law treaties
4 Jurisprudential relevance
III) Relations with Other Principles
IV) Assessment
V) Select Bibliography
29 Principle 25
Preliminary Material
Principle 25
I) Origins and Rationale of the Principle
1 Origins
2 Meaning and rationale
2.1 The notion/meaning of peace
2.2 The concepts of interdependency and indivisibility
II) The Principle as Enshrined in the Rio Declaration
1 Preparatory work and context
2 Scope and dimensions
2.1 Peace and environment/environmental security
2.2 Peace, development, and disarmament
III) Relations with Other Principles
IV) Assessment
V) Select Bibliography
30 Principle 26
Preliminary Material
Principle 26
I) Origins and Rationale of the Principle
II) The Principle as Enshrined in the Rio Declaration
1 Preparatory work and context
1.1 The origins of Principle 26
1.2 The work of the preparatory committee
1.3 A specific role for the International Court of Justice?
2 Scope and dimensions
2.1 The three elements of Principle 26
2.1.1 Overview
2.1.2 Obligation to resolve ‘all of their’ disputes peacefully
2.1.3 ‘Environmental disputes’
2.1.4 ‘Appropriate means’
2.1.4.1 External vs internal means of settlement
2.1.4.2 The role of international adjudication
2.1.4.3 Relaxation of standing rules
2.1.4.4 Compliance procedures
2.2 Legal nature
3 Normative impact
4 Jurisprudential relevance
4.1 Overview
4.2 The development of inter-State environmental dispute settlement
4.2.1 Means of environmental dispute settlement
4.2.2 Negotiation
4.2.3 Mediation and conciliation
4.2.4 Commissions of inquiry and fact finding
4.2.5 Arbitration and judicial settlement
III) Relations with Other Principles
IV) Assessment
V) Select Bibliography
31 Principle 27
Preliminary Material
Principle 27
I) Origins and Rationale of the Principle
II) The Principle as Enshrined in the Rio Declaration
1 Preparatory work and context
2 Scope and dimensions
2.1 International law of sustainable development
2.2 Cooperation between States and people: Public-private partnership
2.3 A vision unfulfilled? Global trusteeship
2.4 Legal nature
3 Normative impact
3.1 The World Heritage Convention
3.2 The Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources
4 Jurisprudential relevance
III) Relations with Other Principles
IV) Assessment
V) Select Bibliography
Further Material
Appendix The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development
Report of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development* (Rio de Janeiro, 3–14 June 1992) Annex I Rio Declaration on Environment and Development
Principle 1
Principle 2
Principle 3
Principle 4
Principle 5
Principle 6
Principle 7
Principle 8
Principle 9
Principle 10
Principle 11
Principle 12
Principle 13
Principle 14
Principle 15
Principle 16
Principle 17
Principle 18
Principle 19
Principle 20
Principle 21
Principle 22
Principle 23
Principle 24
Principle 25
Principle 26
Principle 27
Index
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4 The Preamble of the Rio Declaration
Francesco Francioni
From:
The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development: A Commentary
Edited By: Jorge E. Viñuales
Content type:
Book content
Product:
Oxford Scholarly Authorities on International Law [OSAIL]
Series:
Oxford Commentaries on International Law
Published in print:
01 February 2015
ISBN:
9780199686773
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