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Oxford Law Citator
Contents
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Preliminary Material
Reader’s Guide
Summary Table of Contents
Full Table of Contents
Main Text
Introduction (2005)
I General Principles and Sources of Law
Division A: General Principles
Ch.I: Good Faith and Related Principles
Preliminary Material
1 The principle of good faith
(1) Good faith lato sensu : creation of a ‘ servandum ’
(2) Good faith stricto sensu
(a) Negotiations and good faith
(b) Abuse of rights
(c) Abuse of process
(d) Other claims based on good faith
(e) Bad faith will not be presumed
2 Estoppel, preclusion, and acquiescence
(1) The nature of the concepts ]
(2) The cases
(3) Analysis of estoppel ]
(4) Relationship between estoppel, preclusion, and acquiescence ]
(5) Estoppel in relation to treaty commitments ]
3 The role of equity in international law
(1) Equity and ex aequo et bono
(2) Equity as part of the law
(3) Equity as corrective or constitutive of law
(4) Why equity? ]
4 Application of certain general legal maxims
(1) The possession of rights involves the performance of the corresponding obligations
(2) Pacta tertiis nec nocent nec prosunt
(3) Approbation and reprobation ]
(4) States will be presumed to use the most appropriate means of creating rights and obligations ]
Ch.II: International Rights and Obligations
1 The completeness of the law and the nature of legal rights: International law as constitutive or regulatory of such rights
(1) Lacunae in the law and the question of non-liquet
(a) Lacunae in a treaty
(b) Lacunae in general (customary) law
(2) International law as constitutive or regulatory of States’ rights ]
2 International legal obligations erga omnes and the actio popularis
3 Jus cogens and jus dispositivum
(1) Jus cogens and reservations to multilateral conventions ]
(2) Jus cogens and the decision of a court ]
(3) Jus cogens and ‘intransgressible’ rules
(4) Universality and uniformity of the rules of international law ]
(5) The limits of reaction to unlawful conduct ]
Ch.III: Relationships Between Legal Orders
I The relationship between international and national law
(1) Supremacy of international law
(2) Reference by international law to national law: specific systems or ‘municipal law’ in general? ]
(3) Renvoi to pre-existing law
(4) Municipal law as a source of analogy
2 The doctrine of intertemporal law
(1) The principle stated and applied
(2) Application to future acts
(3) Problems of ascertaining the applicable law
(4) Intertemporal renvoi
3. The relationship between sources of law ]
(1) The nature of the rules governing the relationship between sources ]
(2) Rights and obligations with a double foundation: overlap of treaty and customary law ]
Division B: Sources Of Law
Preliminary Material
Ch.I: Miscellaneous Minor Sources or Pseudo-Sources
I Considerations of humanity
2 Legal interests, legitimate interests, economic interests
(1) The distinction between rights and interests: the Barcelona Traction case ]
(2) Interests as the inspiration of a practice producing a customary right: the Fisheries Jurisdiction cases ]
(3) Interests underlying the establishment of prescriptive or historic rights: the Tunisia/Libya case ]
(4) Economic and other interests as ‘relevant circumstances’ for purposes of an equitable delimitation of maritime spaces ]
(5) The special case of intervention under Article 62 of the Statute ]
Ch.II: Treaties and Conventions in Force
Preliminary Material
I Source of law or source of obligation?
2 Interaction of customary law and treaty law
3 Status or regime-creating instruments
Ch.III: Custom
Preliminary Material
1 The relationship of ‘general international law’ and customary law
2 The elements constitutive of custom
(1) Introduction ]
(2) The opinio juris sive necessitatis
>[ (a) Nature of the opinio juris ]
(b) Application of opinio juris by the Court ]
(c) Whose opinio juris ? ]
[(i) The relevance of the views of the parties ]
(ii) Opinio juris of States not before the Court ]
(d) Opinio juris and argument from analogy
(3) State practice
(a) The nature of the practice required to establish a rule of customary law
(b) Practice of or within an international organization
(i) Action in relation to the operation of the organization ]
(ii) General Assembly resolutions and general customary law
(c) Divergent practice
(i) Does divergent practice negative or merely qualify an alleged rule? ]
(ii) Recognition of the rule of law but assertion of an exception ]
(iii) Whose practice? The concept of States ‘specially affected’
3 The influence of treaties on custom
(1) Individual treaties as elements of State practice
(2) The contribution of multilateral conventions to customary law
(a) Treaties codifying or reflecting custom
(b) The ‘crystallization’ of a customary law rule
(c) Growth of a customary rule subsequently to a convention
(d) The significance of conventions: voting, participation, and the ‘package deal’ ]
4 General, special, and bilateral customary law
(1) Bilateral custom: the Right of Passage case ]
(2) Relationship between general custom and special custom ]
5. Customary law and the ‘persistent objector’ ]
6. Jus cogens and customary international law ]
Ch.IV: General Principles of Law Recognized by Civilized Nations
Preliminary Material
1.–2 Introduction: Nature and derivation of general principles of law
3 The process of analogy or ‘transfer’ of municipal principle
4 General principles in the hierarchy of sources
5. Eclipse of general principle by conflicting principle of international law: the North Sea Continental Shelf cases ]
6. The significance of the expression ‘civilized nations’: Philosophy of Judge Ammoun ]
7 . Renvoi to municipal law distinguished from application of general principles: the Barcelona Traction case ]
8 General principles in procedural law
Ch.V: Subsidiary Sources: Judicial Decisions
I Decisions of municipal courts
2 Arbitral decisions
3 Decisions of the Court itself
4 Decisions of other international tribunals
Ch.V-A: Legal Writing (Doctrine)
Introduction (2006)
II Treaty Interpretation and Other Treaty Points
Preliminary Material
Preliminary A When is a Treaty not a Treaty?
Preliminary B Treaties Concluded with Non-State Entities
Preliminary C The Treaty as an Event Rather than as a Commitment
Preliminary D Modus Vivendi : Tacit Agreement and ‘Subjective Equity’
Division A: Treaty Interpretation
Preliminary Material
Ch.I: Introductory
1 Good Faith in the Interpretation of Treaties
(1) Uses of the concept
(2) What is an ‘authoritative’ interpretation of a treaty?
2 The Court’s General Attitude to Treaty Interpretation
Ch.II: Fitzmaurice’s Principles in the Case Law of the Court, 1954–1989
Introduction 1: The Court’s Role in Interpreting Treaties
Introduction 2: The Customary-Law Status of Articles 31–33 of the Vienna Convention
Fitzmaurice’s Principles
1 Principle of Actuality (or Textuality)
2 Principle of Natural and Ordinary Meaning
(1) The Principle Stated and Applied
(a) The ‘natural and ordinary’ meaning
(b) Use of terms in a special sense
(c) The context of the words to be interpreted
(2) Recourse to travaux préparatoires
(a) Justification for such recourse: ambiguity or confirmation
(i) Ambiguity
(ii) Confirmation
(b) Modalities of reference to travaux préparatoires
3 Principle of Integration: The ‘Object and Purpose’ Criterion
4 Principle of Effectiveness
(1) The two meanings of the principle
(2) Impossibility and its relationship to the principle
5 Principle of Subsequent Practice of the Parties
(1) Varieties of practice
(2) Practice of which parties?
(3) The contemporanea expositio and evolving practice
6 Principle of Contemporaneity
(1) The principle applied
(2) Intertemporal renvoi
Ch.III: Ancillary and Other Interpretative Findings
1 Relationship of Treaty to Existing Rules of Law
(1) Rules of international law
(2) Rules of the domestic law of the parties ]
2 Reference to Other Treaties
3 Language Problems
(1) Single text in a non-official language
(2) Multilingual treaty texts
Introduction (2007)
Division B: Other Treaty Points
Ch.I: Preliminary Matters
1 The Pactum de Contrahendo and the ‘Obligation to Negotiate’
2 Privity of Contract: Private Law Agreements and Parallel Treaties
Ch.II: Conditions of the Formation of Agreement
1 Private Law Analogies
(1) Offer and acceptance
(2) Consideration
(3) Intention to create legal relations
2 Forms of Conclusion of Treaties
(1) Are there legal requirements as to form?
(2) Ancient treaties
(3) Consent to be bound established by deposit of appropriate instrument
(4) Is ratification necessary?
3 Consent and Defects in Consent
(1) Who may give valid consent?
(2) Representation of the State for the conclusion of treaties and agreements
(3) Commitment by persons not regularly representing the State
(a) Error
(b) Fraud and duress
(c) Reservations to treaties, the ‘object and purpose’ of a treaty, and jus cogens
(d) Succession to treaties
Ch.III: The Treaty in Action
1 What is Meant by Saying that a Treaty is ‘In Force’?
2 The Claiming of Rights Entails Submission to the Corresponding Obligations
3 Implied Powers in Treaty
4 Third Parties and Treaties
(1) Pactum in favorem tertii
(2) Treaties conferring rights on individuals
(3) Treaties as res inter alios acta
Ch.IV: Conduct Inconsistent with a Treaty
1 Duty Not to Deprive a Treaty of Its Object and Purpose
2 Breach of Treaty: The Relevance of Municipal Law
3 The Doctrine of Approximate Application Following a Breach of Treaty
4 Breach of Treaty and Implementation of Compromissory Clauses
Ch.V: Termination of Treaties
1 Termination of Treaties Containing No Provision for Denunciation
2 Termination (or Suspension) of Treaties on Account of Material Breach
3 Termination on the Ground of Fundamental Change of Circumstances
3A Impossibility of Performance
4 Failure of Consideration as a Ground for Termination of Treaties?
5 Procedural Requirements on Termination of Treaty
6 Desuetude
III Points of Substantive Law
Division A: The Law Of The Sea
Introduction
Ch.I: Claims to Maritime Spaces: General Survey
Preliminary Material
1 The Relationship of Territorial Sovereignty to Rights over Maritime Spaces: Bases of Title
(1) Sovereignty over a coastal territory4
(2) Inherent rights over ‘maritime spaces’
2 The Relationship of Land Territory to Sea-bed Areas: ‘Natural Prolongation’ and Distance
[3 The Relationship between the Principles Governing Title to the Rules for Delimitation of Maritime Spaces]
[4 The Relationship of Maritime Delimitations inter se : Does an Objectively Correct Determination Exist for Each Case? ]
Ch.II: Maritime Delimitation: Legal and Practical Aspects
A Introduction
B The Single Maritime Boundary
(a) Single boundary and coincident boundary
(b) The law applicable to the single maritime boundary
C The Territorial Sea
1 The ‘Fundamental Norm’ Requiring Recourse to Equity
(1) The demise of ‘subjective equity’
(2) What is it that must be equitable?
(3) Equidistance and after: the methods of attaining the equitable result
(a) Introduction
(b) The delimitation process: circumstances generating the line and circumstances adjusting the line
(c) The circumstances invoked as appropriate for adjusting the provisional delimitation
(i) Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain
(ii) Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria
(iii) Territorial and Maritime Dispute between Nicaragua and Honduras in the Caribbean Sea
(d) The effect of islands
(i) Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain
(ii) Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria
(iii) Territorial and Maritime Dispute between Nicaragua and Honduras in the Caribbean Sea
Ch.III: Other Questions of the Law of the Sea
1 The High Seas
2 Problems of Passage
3 Is the Continental Shelf ‘Territory’?
4 Historic Rights
5 Flags and Registration of Ships
Preface (2009)
Division B: State Sovereignty, Territory And Frontiers
Ch.I: State Sovereignty
1 Sovereignty and International Legal Personality
2 Territorial and Political Sovereignty
Ch.II: Acquisition of Territory
Introduction
1 Occupation and Terra Nullius
2 Acquisitive Prescription
(1) The facts of the Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh case
(2) The Court’s legal analysis
(3) Acts à titre de souverain
3 Succession and the Principle of Uti Possidetis
(1) Application of the principle
(2) The role of effectivités
Ch.III: Land Frontiers
1 Fully Delimited Frontiers Not Essential
2 The Distinction between Terrestrial and Maritime Boundaries
3 The Erga Omnes Character of a Territorial Frontier
4 The Intangibility of Land Frontiers
5 International Rivers and River Boundaries
Ch.IV: Territorial Disputes and the Critical Date
1 ‘Frontier Disputes’, ‘Delimitation Disputes’ and Attribution of Territory
1A Delimitation and Demarcation
1B The Relevance of Maps
2 The ‘Critical Date’ in Territorial Disputes
Ch.V: Territory and Jurisdiction
Division C: State Responsibility And International Claims
Ch.I: The ‘Act of the State’ Under International Law
1 Imputability in General
2 Responsibility Flowing from Control of a Territory
3 Attribution of Conduct to a State
(1) Action by agents or organs of the State
(2) Inaction by agents or organs of the State
(3) Possible conditions of a positive obligation
(4) Actions by persons or groups other than organs of the State
(5) Responsibility for acts of another State
Ch.II: The Breach of an International Obligation
1 Inter-State Obligations
2 Obligations Erga Omnes
3 Relationship between State Responsibility and Municipal Law
3A Relationship between State Responsibility and International Criminal Law
4 Obligations of Means and Obligations of Result
5 The Impact of the State Act: The Relevance of Damage
6 The Time Element
Ch.III: Circumstances Precluding Wrongfulness
1 Preliminary
2 Consent
3 Self-Defence
(1) The condition of the existence of an armed attack
(2) Necessity and proportionality of measures
3A Necessity
4 Counter-Measures
Ch.IV: The Rule of Exhaustion of Local Remedies
1 A Rule of Substance or of Procedure?
2 The Case of an Alleged Breach of State Rights
3 The Nature of the Municipal Claim and the Burden of Proof
Ch.V: Reparation and Restitution
1 The Causal Relationship Required for Reparation
2 Restitution or Compensation: Has the Wrongdoer a Choice?
3 Cessation of Wrongful Conduct and Guarantees of Non-Repetition
4 Non-Material Damage
Division D: International Organizations
Introduction
1 The Legal Personality of International Organizations
2 Attributes of International Personality
3 Problems of Membership of an International Organization
4 Organs of the United Nations
(1) Consideration by the Court of the powers of the other principal organs
(a) Separation of functions
(b) Review by the Court of the decisions of political organs
(2) Decisions of United Nations principal organs: effect for Member States
(a) Decisions of the Security Council
(b) Decisions of the General Assembly
(c) Decisions of the Secretary-General
5 Privileges and Immunities of International Organizations and their Staff
6 Regional Agencies (Article 52 of the UN Charter)
IV Questions of Jurisdiction and Competence
Preliminary Material
Preface (2010)
Ch.I: Jurisdiction in Contentious Cases
1 Preliminary Observations: Terminology and Related Matters
(1) Jurisdiction and Competence: Relevance of Jus Cogens
(1A) Jurisdiction and Access
(2) Seisin
(3) Jurisdiction and the ‘Merits’
(a) Influence of questions of merits on the question of the existence or extent of jurisdiction
(b) Unavowed influence of merits questions on the approach to jurisdiction
(c) Recommendations in the absence of jurisdiction
(4) Jurisdiction and the Burden of Proof
2 Preliminary, Incidental and Substantive Jurisdiction
(1) The Distinction in General
(2) Jurisdiction and Provisional Measures
(a) Relationship between jurisdiction to indicate measures and jurisdiction over the merits
(b) Jurisdictional limit on the measures that may be indicated
(c) Impact of the LaGrand ruling that provisional measures have binding force
(d) Jurisdiction to indicate recommendatory measures
3 The Sources of Jurisdiction
(1) Is the Enumeration of Sources of Jurisdiction in Article 36 Exhaustive?
(2) Forum prorogatum
(3) Jurisdiction derived from Treaty: Effect of Suspension or Termination of Treaty
4 Jurisdiction and the Propriety of Exercising It
(1) The Problem in General: The Case Law
(a) The case of Certain Property (Liechtenstein v . Germany)
(b) The case of Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo
(2) The Court and the Security Council
4A The Time Element: At What Moment Must Jurisdiction Exist?
5 Jurisdiction in Relation to the Decisions of Other Tribunals
6 Jurisdiction Inherited from the Permanent Court of International Justice
7 The Competénce de la Compétence
8 Relationship between Multiple Sources of Jurisdiction
9 The Extent of Jurisdiction
(1) Relationship between the Dispute and the Jurisdictional Title
(2) The Question of Non Ultra Petita
10 Jurisdiction under Article 36, Paragraph 2, of the Statute of the Court
(1) The Form of Declarations under Article 36, Paragraph 2
(2) The Effect of a Declaration under Article 36, Paragraph 2
(a) Are acceptances of jurisdiction valid against States which have no notice of them?
(b) Does paragraph 3 limit the possibilities of reservations under paragraph 2?
11 Jurisdiction and Admissibility
12 Jurisdiction and Intervention
Ch.II: Jurisdiction and Its Exercise in Advisory Proceedings
1 Introduction
(1) Jurisdiction, competence and admissibility in advisory proceedings
(2) The Compétence de la Compétence
(a) Determination by the Court of the scope of the question put: non ultra petita in advisory proceedings
(b) Effect of a jurisdictional decision
2 The Conditions of Jurisdiction to Give an Advisory Opinion
(1) Is the Question submitted a ‘Legal’ Question?
(2) The Role of Consent of States
(3) Requests made ultra vires
3 Conditions Pertinent to the Exercise of the Discretion to Give or Refuse an Opinion
(1) Existing Disputes and the Consent of the State Concerned
(2) Equality of the Parties in Judicial Proceedings
(3) The Political Background
(4) Questions raising Complex Issues of Fact
(5) Abstract or Concrete Questions
(6) Advisory Opinions Given Binding Effect
4 Provisional Measures in Advisory Proceedings
V Questions of Procedure, 1990–2011
Introduction (2011)
The governing texts: the ICJ Statute and the Rules of Court
Ch.I: The Composition of the Court for Particular Cases
1 Judges ad hoc
(1) Judges ad hoc and parties ‘in the same interest’
(1A) Judges ad hoc and joinder
(2) Judges ad hoc and intervention
(3) Judges ad hoc in advisory proceedings
2 Disqualification of judges
(1) Challenge by a party to a case
(2) Grounds of disqualification
(3) Exclusion ratione temporis
3 The Chambers
(1) Influence of the parties on the composition of the Chamber
(2) National judges and judges ad hoc in chambers
(3) Scope of the jurisdiction of a chamber
(4) Effect of a decision of a chamber
Ch.II: The Institution of Proceedings
1 Access to the Court
2 The Instrument Instituting Proceedings
3 Summary Removal from the General List
Ch.III: Incidental Proceedings
Introduction
1 Provisional measures
(1) Requirements for the indication of provisional measures
(a) The probable existence of jurisdiction over the merits
(i) Must prima facie jurisdiction be established before the other requirements for the indication of measures are considered?
(ii) The extent to which prima facie jurisdiction must be established
(b) Admissibility of the claim
(c) The rights to be protected
(i) In general
(ii) Rights to be protected in interpretation proceedings
(iii) Protection of human rights and humanitarian considerations: extra-judicial comment
(d) ‘Irreparable prejudice’ and the concept of ‘preservation’ of rights
(2) Measures to prevent escalation of a dispute
(3) Indication of provisional measures proprio motu
(4) The legal effect of provisional measures
(5) Provisional measures in advisory proceedings?
2 Preliminary objections
(1) Nature and classification of objections
(2) Time for filing a preliminary objection
(3) The effects of a preliminary objection
(4) Preliminary procedure opened by the Court proprio motu
(5) Disposal of preliminary objections
3 Non Appearance
4 Counter-claims
5 Jurisdiction and its exercise in incidental proceedings
6 Intervention
(1) Introduction
(2) Intervention under Article 63 of the Statute
(3) Intervention under Article 62 of the Statute
(a) Introduction
(b) What is intervention?
(c) The relationship between Articles 59 and 62 of the Statute
(d) The ‘interest of a legal nature’ and the object of an intervention
(e) How is the interest of a legal nature to be ‘affected’?
(f) Intervention at an interlocutory stage
(g) The effect of intervention
(h) The effect of a failed application to intervene
(4) Some conclusions on intervention under Article 62
(5) Information supplied by international organizations (Statute, Article 34)
7 Interpretation of judgments
(1) The jurisdiction to interpret: the effect of the will of the parties
(2) What decisions may be interpreted?
(3) Existence of a dispute as to the meaning and scope of a judgment
(4) The procedure
(5) The interpretation
8 Revision of Judgments
9 Discontinuance
Further Material
Index
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II Treaty Interpretation and Other Treaty Points, Division A: Treaty Interpretation, Preliminary Material
From:
The Law and Procedure of the International Court of Justice: Fifty Years of Jurisprudence Volume II
Hugh Thirlway
Content type:
Book content
Product:
Oxford Scholarly Authorities on International Law [OSAIL]
Published in print:
21 February 2013
ISBN:
9780199673384
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