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- Preliminary Material
- Main Text
- Introduction
- Preliminary Material
- 1 Background to and Purpose of the Study
- 2 Approach and Methodology
- 2.1 Defining International Criminal Procedure and Coverage of Jurisdictions
- 2.2 Principal Object: Principles and General Rules
- 2.3 Mapping the Field and Division into Working Groups
- 2.4 Choice and Use of the Evaluative Framework
- 2.5 Standard-Identification Algorithm
- 2.6 Conclusions and Recommendations: Attribution and Authority
- 3 Structure and Scope of the Book
- 1 General Framework of International Criminal Procedure
- Preliminary Material
- 1 Introduction [Salvatore Zappalà]
- 2 Comparative Models and the Enduring Relevance Of The Accusatorial—Inquisitorial Dichotomy [Salvatore Zappalà]
- 3 Goals Of International Criminal Justice and International Criminal Procedure [Jens David Ohlin]
- 4 The Sources Of International Criminal Procedure [Frédéric Mégret]
- 5 The Human Rights Dimension of International Criminal Procedure [Lorenzo Gradoni]
- 5.1 Introductory Remarks
- 5.2 Human Rights Clauses In Foundational Instruments of International Criminal Courts and Tribunals
- 5.3 The Obligation to Respect Human Rights and Its Position In the Legal Systems of International Criminal Courts and Tribunals
- 5.4 Defining the Content of Human Rights Standards
- 5.5 Functions of Human Rights Standards
- 5.6 Conclusion
- 6 Cooperation From States and Other Entities [Astrid Reisinger–Coracini]
- 7 Jurisdictional Arrangements And International Criminal Procedure [Sarah M.H. Nouwen and Dustin A. Lewis]
- 8 Summary and Conclusion [Salvatore Zappalà]
- 2 Initiation of Investigations and Selection of Cases
- 3 Investigation, Coercive Measures, Arrest, and Surrender
- Preliminary Material
- 1 Introductory Remarks
- 2 Investigation Phase: Delineation and Scope
- A Law and Practice of International Criminal Tribunals
- i IMT and IMTFE
- ii ICTY, ICTR, and SCSL
- a Definition
- b Delineation of the investigation phase
- c Collection of evidence
- d Objectivity
- e Other duties relevant to the conduct of the investigation
- iii ICC
- a Preliminary examination
- b Collection of evidence
- b.1 Prosecutor
- b.2 Defence
- b.3 Chambers
- b.4 Legal representatives of victims
- c Objectivity
- d Duties and powers of the prosecutor
- e Duty of due diligence
- f Duration of investigations
- iv SPSC
- a Definition
- b Delineation
- c Collection of evidence
- d Objectivity
- e Duty of due diligence
- v ECCC
- a Definition
- b Delineation
- c Collection of evidence
- d Objectivity
- e Other duties relevant to the conduct of the investigation
- vi STL
- a Definition
- b Delineation
- c Collection of evidence
- d Objectivity
- e Duty of due diligence
- vii Synthesis
- B Evaluation
- C General Rules and Principles
- D Recommendations
- A Law and Practice of International Criminal Tribunals
- 3 Collection Of Evidence
- 3.1 Non-Coercive Investigative Acts
- 3.1.1 Interrogation of Suspects and Accused Persons
- A Law and Practice of International Criminal Tribunals
- i IMT and IMTFE
- ii ICTY, ICTR, and SCSL
- a Applicable procedural regime
- a.1 Status of the interviewee
- a.2 Status of the interviewer
- b Power and procedural safeguards
- b.1 The power of the prosecutor to question suspects and accused persons
- b.2 Right to assistance by counsel during interrogation
- b.3 Right to remain silent
- b.4 Right to be informed of the charges or allegations
- b.5 Right to the free assistance of an interpreter
- b.6 Conduct of the questioning
- iii ICC
- a Applicable procedural regime
- a.1 Status of the interviewee
- a.2 Status of the interviewer
- b Power and procedural safeguards
- b.1 Prosecutorial power
- b.2 Right to assistance by counsel during interrogation
- b.3 Right to remain silent
- b.4 Right to be informed of the charges or allegations
- b.5 Right to the free assistance of an interpreter
- b.6 Conduct of the questioning
- iv SPSC
- a Power to question suspects and accused persons
- b Procedural safeguards
- v ECCC
- a Power to question suspects and charged persons
- b Conduct of questioning
- c Procedural safeguards
- vi STL
- a Power to question suspects and accused persons
- b Conduct of questioning
- c Procedural safeguards
- vii Synthesis
- B Evaluation
- i Human rights law
- a Right to assistance by counsel during interrogation
- b Right to remain silent
- c Right to be informed of the charges or allegations
- d Right to the free assistance of an interpreter
- e Prohibition of torture and inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment
- ii Comparative criminal procedure
- iii Goals of international criminal justice
- iv Synthesis
- C General Rules and Principles of International Criminal Procedure
- D Recommendations
- A Law and Practice of International Criminal Tribunals
- 3.1.2 Questioning of Witnesses
- A Law and Practice of International Criminal Tribunals
- i IMT and IMTFE
- ii ICTY, ICTR, and SCSL
- a Applicable procedural regime
- b Admission of out-of-court witness statements at trial
- c Power to interview witness
- d The power to compel witnesses to be interviewed
- e Procedural norms applying to the questioning of witnesses
- iii ICC
- a Applicable procedural regime
- b Admission of out-of-court witness statements at trial
- c Power to interview witnesses
- d The power to compel witnesses to be interviewed
- e Procedural norms applying to the questioning of witnesses
- e.1 Guarantee against self-incrimination
- e.2 Other procedural safeguards
- f Conduct of the interview
- iv SPSC
- a Power to interview witnesses
- b Conduct of witness interviews
- v ECCC
- a Power to interview witnesses
- b The power to compel witnesses to be interviewed
- c Conduct of the interview
- d Procedural norms applying to the questioning of witnesses
- vi STL
- a Power to question witnesses
- b Admissibility of out-of-court statements
- c Procedural norms on the conduct of the questioning of witnesses
- vii Synthesis
- B Evaluation
- C General Rules and Principles
- D Recommendations
- A Law and Practice of International Criminal Tribunals
- 3.1.1 Interrogation of Suspects and Accused Persons
- 3.2 Non-Custodial Coercive Investigative Acts
- A Law and Practice of International Criminal Tribunals
- i IMT and IMTFE
- ii ICTY, ICTR, and SCSL
- a Direct enforcement v. requests for judicial assistance
- b Formal and material conditions for the use of coercive measures
- b.1 Judicial authorization
- b.2 Principle of proportionality
- b.3 Necessity (subsidiarity)—specificity
- b.4 Threshold for coercive action
- c Search and seizure operations
- d Tracing, freezing, and seizure of property, proceeds, or instrumentalities of the crime
- e Interception of communications
- f Examinations of body and mind
- iii ICC
- a Direct enforcement v. requests for judicial assistance
- b Formal and material conditions for the use of coercive measures
- b.1 Judicial authorization
- b.2 Principle of proportionality
- b.3 Necessity—specificity
- b.4 General threshold for the use of coercive measures
- c Search and seizure operations
- d Identification, tracing, and seizure of property, proceedings, assets, and instrumentalities of crimes
- e Interception of communications
- f Examinations of body and mind
- iv SPSC
- a Formal and material conditions
- b Specific coercive acts
- v ECCC
- a Formal and material conditions
- b Specific coercive acts
- vi STL
- a Formal and material conditions
- b Specific coercive acts
- vii Synthesis
- B Evaluation
- i Human rights law
- a Requirement of judicial authorization
- b Requirement of proportionality
- c Privilege against self-incrimination
- d Inhuman and degrading treatment
- ii Comparative criminal procedure
- a Requirement of judicial authorization
- b General threshold
- c Proportionality
- iii Goals of international criminal justice
- iv Synthesis
- C General Rules and Principles of International Criminal Procedure
- D Recommendations
- A Law and Practice of International Criminal Tribunals
- 3.1 Non-Coercive Investigative Acts
- 4 Restriction and Deprivation of Liberty
- 4.1 Arrest
- 4.2 Detention on Remand and Provisional Release
- A Law and Practice of International Criminal Tribunals
- B Evaluation
- i Human rights law
- a Right to personal liberty
- b Right not to be detained for an unreasonable period of time
- c Right to be promptly informed of the reasons for arrest
- d Right to be promptly brought before a judge or ‘officer’
- e Right to challenge the lawfulness of detention
- ii Comparative criminal procedure
- a Arrests without a warrant
- b Bail and other alternatives to detention
- iii Goals of international criminal justice
- iv Coherence, expedience, and practical considerations
- v Synthesis
- C General Rules and Principles of International Criminal Procedure
- D Recommendations
- 5 Remedies
- 5.1 General Framework
- 5.2 Specific Remedies In The Context Of Unlawful Arrest, Surrender, And Detention
- A Law and Practice of International Criminal Tribunals
- i IMT and IMTFE
- ii ICTY, ICTR, and SCSL
- a Stays of proceedings
- b Financial compensation
- c Sentence reduction
- d Other remedies
- iii ICC
- a Stays of proceedings
- b Financial compensation
- c Sentence reduction
- d Other remedies
- iv SPSC
- v ECCC
- vi STL
- vii Synthesis
- a Stays of proceedings
- b Financial compensation
- c Sentence reduction
- d Other remedies
- B Evaluation
- C General Rules and Principles of International Criminal Procedure
- D Recommendations
- A Law and Practice of International Criminal Tribunals
- 4 Charges
- Preliminary Material
- Introduction
- A Law and Practice of International Criminal Procedure
- A.1 Bringing charges
- A.2 Confirming charges
- A.3 Amending, adding, and withdrawing charges
- A.4 Deciding on charges
- A.5 Lis pendens, res judicata , and ne bis in idem
- A.6 Synthesis
- B Evaluation
- B.1 Bringing charges—confirming charges—amending, adding, and withdrawing charges—deciding on charges
- B.2 Lis pendens, res judicata , and ne bis in idem
- B.3 Synthesis
- C General Rules and Principles
- D Recommendations
- 5 Trial Process
- Preliminary Material
- 1 Introductory Remarks
- 2 Conduct of Trial Proceedings
- 2.1 General Issues
- 2.1.1 Joinder and Severance [S. Linton]
- Introduction
- A Law and Practice of International Criminal Procedure
- i IMT and IMTFE
- ii ICTY, ICTR, and SCSL
- a ICTY Regulation
- b ICTY Cases
- b.1 Joinder
- b.2 Severance
- c ICTR Regulation
- d ICTR Cases
- e SCSL Regulation
- f SCSL cases
- iii ICC
- a ICC Regulation
- b ICC cases
- iv SPSC
- v ECCC
- vi STL
- a STL Regulation
- b STL Cases
- vii Synthesis
- a Joinder
- b Severance
- B Evaluation
- C General Rules and Principles of International Criminal Procedure
- D Recommendations
- 2.1.2 Single and Bifurcated Trials [G. Acquaviva]
- 2.1.1 Joinder and Severance [S. Linton]
- 2.2 Structure of Contested Trial [S. Vasiliev]
- 2.2.1 Opening Statements
- 2.2.2 Order of Presentation of Evidence
- ???
- a
- b
- c
- d
- Introduction
- A Law and Practice of International Criminal Procedure
- i IMT and IMTFE
- a Order of presentation of evidence
- b Order and modes of questioning witnesses
- ii ICTY, ICTR, and SCSL
- iii ICC
- a Order of presentation of evidence
- b Order and modes of examination of witnesses
- b.1 Regulation
- b.2 Sequence of questioning
- b.3 Questioning by the party calling the witness (examination-in-chief)
- b.4 Questioning by the party not calling the witness (cross-examination)
- b.5 Additional questions by the party calling the witness (re-examination)
- b.6 Final questioning by the defence
- b.7 Questioning by the legal representatives of the victims
- b.8 Judicial questioning
- iv SPSC
- v ECCC
- B Evaluation
- C General Rules and Principles of International Criminal Procedure
- D Recommendations
- 2.2.3 Closing Arguments
- 2.3 Structure of Uncontested Trial [N. Combs]
- 2.1 General Issues
- 3 Participants/Actors at Trial: Residual Matters
- 3.1 Judicial Powers During Trial Proceedings
- 3.1.1 Fact-Finding Powers [N.Combs]
- 3.1.1.1 Power to Order Additional Evidence and to Call Witnesses Proprio Motu
- 3.1.1.2 Power to Question Witnesses During Trial
- 3.1.1.3 Power to Subpoena Witnesses
- 3.1.1.4 Power to Make On-site Visits
- 3.1.1.5 Power to Control (and Intervene in) the Examination of Witnesses
- 3.1.2 Control over the Sequence of Case Presentation [N. Combs]
- 3.1.3 General Duty to Ensure the Integrity of the Proceedings [Y. McDermott]
- 3.1.4 General Duty to Ensure the Right to a Fair and Expeditious Trial [Y. McDermott]
- Introductory Remarks
- A Law and Practice of International Criminal Procedure
- B Evaluation
- C General Rules and Principles of International Criminal Procedure
- D Recommendations
- 3.1.1 Fact-Finding Powers [N.Combs]
- 3.2 Witnesses: Protection and Testimony
- 3.2.1 Protective and Special Measures for Witnesses [G. Acquaviva and M. Heikkilä]
- Introduction
- A Law and Practice of International Criminal Procedure
- B Evaluation
- C General Rules and Principles of International Criminal Procedure
- D Recommendations
- 3.2.2 Regular Witness Testimony [Y. McDermott]
- 3.2.3 Testimony of Expert Witnesses, Journalists, ICRC, and UN staff [S. Linton]
- Introduction
- A Law and Practice of International Criminal Procedure
- i IMT and IMTFE
- ii ICTY, ICTR, and SCSL
- a ICTY Regulation
- b ICTY cases
- b.1 Expert witnesses
- Standards for admission as an expert witness
- Qualifications of the witness
- Impartiality of the witness
- Relevant specialized knowledge that may assist the Chamber in understanding the evidence
- The limits to expert testimony
- b.2 ICRC
- b.3 Journalists
- b.4 UN officials and experts on mission
- Waiver of immunity by the Secretary-General
- Conditions of testifying
- Protection of confidential information
- Standards for admission as an expert witness
- b.1 Expert witnesses
- c ICTR Regulation
- d ICTR cases
- e SCSL Regulation
- f SCSL cases
- iii ICC
- a Regulation
- b Cases
- iv SPSC
- v ECCC
- vi STL
- vii Synthesis
- B Evaluation
- C General Rules and Principles of International Criminal Procedure
- D Recommendations
- i Experts—guidelines
- ii Journalists—principles and rules
- iii Qualified privilege from compellability for humanitarian agencies—principles and rules
- a Principles concerning humanitarian organizations and their staff
- b Rules concerning material evidence acquired by humanitarian organizations and their staff
- 3.2.1 Protective and Special Measures for Witnesses [G. Acquaviva and M. Heikkilä]
- 3.1 Judicial Powers During Trial Proceedings
- 6 Appeals, Reviews, and Reconsideration
- Preliminary Material
- Introduction
- A Law and Practice of International Criminal Procedure
- A.1 Appeals against final judgments of acquittal, conviction, sentence, and reparation orders
- i IMT and IMTFE
- ii ICTY, ICTR, and SCSL
- iii ICC
- iv SPSC
- v ECCC
- vi STL
- A.2 Interlocutory Appeals
- A.3 Revision of final judgments
- A.4 Review of administrative decisions
- A.5 Reconsideration
- A.6 Synthesis
- A.1 Appeals against final judgments of acquittal, conviction, sentence, and reparation orders
- B Evaluation
- i Human rights law
- ii Comparative criminal procedure
- iii Goals of international criminal justice
- iv Coherence, expediency, and practical considerations
- v Synthesis
- C General Rules and Principles of International Criminal Procedure
- D Recommendations
- 7 Law of Evidence
- Preliminary Material
- 1 Introductory Remarks
- 2 General Requirements for The Admission of Evidence [Mark Klamberg]
- Introduction
- A Law and Practice of International Criminal Procedure
- B Evaluation
- C General Rules and Principles of International Criminal Procedure
- D Recommendations
- 3 Admissibility Of Documentary Evidence [Fergal Gaynor]
- Introduction
- A Law and Practice of International Criminal Procedure
- i IMT and IMTFE
- a Evidence of a witness in the form of a written statement, affidavit, or deposition
- b Other forms of documentary evidence
- c Admission from the bar table
- ii ICTY, ICTR, and SCSL
- a Evidence of a witness in the form of a written statement, a transcript of the witness’s prior evidence, or a deposition
- a.1 Admitting a living witness’s evidence in writing without cross-examination
- a.2 Admitting a witness’s evidence in writing with cross-examination
- a.3 Admitting a witness’s evidence in writing without cross-examination where the witness is dead or is, for good reason, unable to testify
- a.4 Admitting a witness’s evidence in writing without cross-examination where the witness has been materially influenced by improper interference
- a.5 The acts and conduct of the accused
- a.6 Depositions
- b Expert reports
- c Admission of documentary evidence through witnesses
- d General guidelines concerning the admission of documentary evidence directly to the Chamber: the bar table procedure
- e Admission of ‘associated exhibits’ under Rule 92 ter ICTY RPE
- f Admission of media reports, intercepts, forensic evidence, letters, and books
- f.1 Media reports
- f.2 Intercepts
- f.3 Proof of death, torture, and rape
- f.4 Letters
- f.5 Lengthy documents and books
- g Real evidence
- h Admission of documents not listed on exhibit list
- i Language of documentary evidence
- j Documents not adopted by a witness
- iii ICC
- a Admission of witness statements, transcripts, and depositions
- b Admission of documentary evidence through a witness
- c Admission of documentary evidence from the bar table
- iv SPSC
- v ECCC
- vi STL
- a Admission of testimonial evidence
- b Documentary evidence in terrorist trials; cellphone data
- vii Synthesis
- B Evaluation
- C General Rules and Principles of International Criminal Procedure
- D Recommendations
- 4 Defence Access to the Prosecution Material [Vladimir Tochilovsky]
- Introduction
- A Law and Practice of International Criminal Procedure
- i IMT and IMTFE
- ii ICTY, ICTR, and SCSL
- a General remarks
- b Disclosure of the supporting material and statements of the accused
- b.1 Supporting material
- b.2 Prior statements of the accused
- c Disclosure relating to prosecution witnesses
- c.1 Disclosure of witness statements
- c.2 Disclosure of the identity of witnesses
- d Disclosure of exculpatory material
- e Inspection of documents and objects material to the preparation of the defence
- f Matters not subject to disclosure
- f.1 Information provided on a confidential basis
- f.2 Internal documents
- f.3 Protection of other information
- g Disclosure in electronic format
- iii ICC
- a General remarks
- b Disclosure relating to prosecution witnesses
- b.1 Disclosure of witness statements
- b.2 Disclosure of the identity of witnesses
- c Inspection of documents and objects material to the preparation of the defence
- d Disclosure of exculpatory material
- e Matters not subject to disclosure
- e.1 Information provided on a confidential basis
- e.2 Internal documents
- e.3 Protection of other information
- iv SPSC
- a Disclosure of witness statements
- b Disclosure of exculpatory material
- c Inspection of documents and objects material to the preparation of the defence
- d Matters not subject to disclosure
- v ECCC
- vi STL
- a Disclosure of the supporting material and statements of the accused
- b Disclosure of witness statements
- c Disclosure of exculpatory material
- d Inspection of documents and objects material to the preparation of the defence
- e Matters not subject to disclosure
- e.1 Information provided on a confidential basis
- e.2 Internal documents
- vii Synthesis
- B Evaluation
- C General Rules and Principles of International Criminal Procedure
- D Recommendations
- 5 Prosecution Access to the Defence Material [Mark Klamberg]
- 6 Judicial Notice and Agreed Facts [Fergal Gaynor]
- Introduction
- A Law and Practice of International Criminal Tribunals
- i IMT and IMTFE
- a Judicial notice of facts of common knowledge and of adjudicated facts
- b Judicial notice of documentary evidence
- c Agreed facts
- ii ICTY, ICTR, and SCSL
- a Judicial notice of facts of common knowledge and of adjudicated facts
- a.1 Facts of common knowledge
- a.2 Judicial notice of adjudicated facts
- a.3 Difference between judicial notice of facts of common knowledge and that of adjudicated facts and documentary evidence
- b Judicial notice of (the authenticity of) documentary evidence
- c Agreed facts
- iii ICC
- iv SPSC
- a Judicial notice of facts of common knowledge, of adjudicated facts, and of the authenticity of documentary evidence
- b Agreed facts
- v ECCC
- a Judicial notice of facts of common knowledge, of adjudicated facts, and of the authenticity of documentary evidence
- b Agreed facts
- vi STL
- B Evaluation
- C General Principles and Rules of International Criminal Procedure
- D Recommendations
- 7 Standard of Proof and Burden of Proof [Dov Jacobs]
- 8 Deliberation, Dissent, Judgment
- Preliminary Material
- Introduction
- A Law and Practice of International Criminal Procedure
- i IMT and IMTFE
- a Privacy and secrecy of judicial deliberations
- b Public nature of final judgment and interlocutory decisions
- c Permissibility of majority or dissenting opinions
- d Bench composition and single-judge decisions
- e Character and appearance of final judgment
- f Timing of final judgment
- ii ICTY, ICTR, and SCSL
- a Privacy and secrecy of judicial deliberations
- b Public nature of final judgment and interlocutory decisions
- c Permissibility of majority or dissenting opinions
- d Bench composition and single-judge decisions
- e Character and appearance of final judgment
- f Timing of final judgment
- iii ICC
- a Privacy and secrecy of judicial deliberations
- b Public nature of final judgment and interlocutory decisions
- c Permissibility of majority or dissenting opinions
- d Bench composition and single-judge decisions
- e Character and appearance of final judgment
- f Timing of final judgment
- iv SPSC
- a Privacy and secrecy of judicial deliberations
- b Public nature of final judgment and interlocutory decisions
- c Permissibility of majority or dissenting opinions
- d Bench composition and single-judge decisions
- e Character and appearance of final judgment
- f Timing of final judgment
- v ECCC
- a Privacy and secrecy of judicial deliberations
- b Public nature of final judgment and interlocutory decisions
- c Permissibility of majority or dissenting opinions
- d Bench composition and single-judge decisions
- e Character and appearance of final judgment
- f Timing of final judgment
- vi STL
- a Privacy and secrecy of judicial deliberations
- b Public nature of final judgment and interlocutory decisions
- c Permissibility of majority or dissenting opinions
- d Bench composition and single-judge decisions
- e Character and appearance of final judgment
- f Timing of final judgment
- vii Synthesis
- a Privacy and secrecy of judicial deliberations
- b Public nature of final judgment and interlocutory decisions
- c Permissibility of majority or dissenting opinions
- d Bench composition and single-judge decisions
- e Character and appearance of final judgment
- f Timing of final judgment
- i IMT and IMTFE
- B Evaluation
- i Human rights law
- a Privacy and secrecy of judicial deliberations
- b Public nature of final judgment and interlocutory decisions
- c Character and appearance of final judgment
- d Timing of final judgment
- ii Comparative criminal procedure
- a Privacy and secrecy of judicial deliberations
- b Permissibility of majority or dissenting opinions
- c Character and appearance of final judgment
- d Timing of final judgment
- iii Goals of international criminal justice
- iv Coherence, expedience, and other relevant considerations
- a Privacy and secrecy of judicial deliberations
- b Public nature of final judgment and interlocutory decisions
- c Permissibility of majority or dissenting opinions
- d Bench composition and single-judge decisions
- e Character and appearance of final judgment
- f Timing of final judgment
- v Synthesis
- a Privacy and secrecy of judicial deliberations
- b Public nature of final judgment and interlocutory decisions
- c Permissibility of majority or dissenting opinions
- d Bench composition and single-judge decisions
- e Character and appearance of final judgment
- f Timing of final judgment
- C General Rules and Principles
- D Recommendations
- 9 Defence Issues
- Preliminary Material
- Introduction
- A Law and Practice of International Criminal Procedure
- A.1 Representation
- A.2 The defence
- A.2.1 Institutional framing and remuneration
- A.2.2 Defence counsel qualifications: minimum requirements for assigned counsel
- A.2.3 Legal aid scheme for indigent accused: what does legal aid cover?
- A.2.4 Legal aid scheme for indigent accused: calculating indigence and obtaining payment from accused
- A.2.5 Legal aid for self-representing defendants
- A.2.6 Defence counsel: professional regulation and discipline
- B Evaluation
- B.1 Representation
- B.2 The defence
- B.2.1 Institutional framing and remuneration
- B.2.2 Defence counsel qualifications: minimum requirements for assigned counsel
- B.2.3 Legal aid scheme for indigent accused: what does legal aid cover?
- B.2.4 Legal aid scheme for indigent accused: calculating indigence and obtaining payment from accused
- B.2.5 Legal aid for self-representing defendants
- B.2.6 Defence counsel: professional regulation and discipline
- C General Rules and Principles of International Criminal Procedure
- i Principles
- a Representation by counsel
- b Self-representation
- c Mechanisms for vetting and ensuring the effective representation of the defendant
- d Institutional framing and remuneration of defence
- e Defence counsel qualifications: minimum requirements for assigned counsel
- f Legal aid scheme for indigent accused: what does legal aid cover?
- g Legal aid scheme for indigent accused: calculating indigence and obtaining payment from accused
- h Legal aid for self-representing defendants
- i Professional regulation and discipline of counsel
- j Specific professional obligations of counsel
- k Contempt and other sanctioning mechanisms
- ii General rules
- a Self-representation
- b Representation by counsel
- c Mechanisms for vetting and ensuring the effective representation of the defendant
- d Institutional framing and remuneration of defence
- e Defence counsel qualifications: minimum requirements for assigned counsel
- f Legal aid scheme for indigent accused: what does legal aid cover?
- g Legal aid scheme for indigent accused: calculating indigence and obtaining payment from accused
- h Legal aid for self-representing defendants
- i Professional regulation and discipline of counsel
- j Specific professional obligations of counsel
- k Contempt and other sanctioning mechanisms
- i Principles
- D Recommendations
- a Self-representation
- b Representation by counsel
- c Mechanisms for vetting and ensuring the effective representation of the defendant
- d Institutional framing and remuneration of defence
- e Defence counsel qualifications: minimum requirements for assigned counsel
- f Legal aid scheme for indigent accused: what does legal aid cover?
- g Legal aid scheme for indigent accused: calculating indigency and obtaining payment from accused
- h Legal aid for self-representing defendants
- i Professional regulation and discipline of counsel
- 10 Victim Issues: Participation, Protection, Reparation, and Assistance
- Preliminary Material
- 1 Victim Participation and Protection
- Introduction
- A Law and Practice of International Criminal Procedure
- A.1 The definition of the concept of a ‘victim’ and the status of victims giving evidence
- A.2 Victim representation and participation on behalf of a victim
- A.3 Notifications to victims and/or their legal representatives
- A.4 Participation at the investigation pre-trial stage (no identified perpetrator)
- i ICC
- a Introduction
- b Participation in proceedings relating to the initiation of investigations (Article 15(3))
- c Participation in proceedings addressing jurisdiction and admissibility (Article 19(3))
- d Participation at the investigation stage (Article 68(3))
- e Right to initiate investigations and investigative measures, and to conduct investigations themselves
- ii SPSC
- iii ECCC
- iv STL
- v Synthesis
- i ICC
- A.5 Participation at the pre-trial stage (with a case and a charged/indicted person)
- A.6 Participation at the trial stage
- A.7 Participation at the sentencing stage
- A.8 Participation in appeals
- A.9 Protective measures for victim participants and civil parties
- B Evaluation
- C General Rules and Principles
- D Recommendations
- 2 Reparation and General Assistance to Victims
- 11 Negotiated Justice
- Preliminary Material
- Introduction
- A Law and Practice of International Criminal Procedure
- i IMT and IMTFE
- ii ICTY, ICTR, and SCSL
- a Original version of the statutes
- b Requirements for valid guilty pleas
- c Rules pertaining to plea agreements
- d Form and subject-matter of plea bargaining
- e Consequences of guilty plea withdrawal and breach of plea agreement
- f Roles of the parties, the court, and victims in plea bargaining
- g Sentencing consequences
- iii ICC
- iv SPSC
- v ECCC
- vi STL
- vii Synthesis
- B Evaluation
- C General Rules and Principles of International Criminal Procedure
- D Recommendations
- Postscripts
- Introduction
- Further Material
- Bibliography
- Table of Cases
- Contents
- International and hybrid courts, tribunals and treaty bodies
- African Commission on Human and People’s Rights (ACommHPR)
- European Court of Justice (ECJ) (in alphabetical order)
- European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) (in alphabetical order)
- European Commission on Human Rights (ECommHR)
- Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC)
- Human Rights Committee (HRC) (in alphabetical order)
- Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACommHR)
- Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACtHR)
- International Arbitration Awards
- International Criminal Court (ICC)
- Disciplinary Board
- Presidency
- Situation in Côte d’Ivoire (ICC-02/11)
- Laurent Gbagbo (ICC-02/11-01/11)
- Situation in the Central African Republic (ICC-01/05)
- Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo (ICC-01/05-01/08)
- Situation in Darfur, Sudan (ICC-02/05)
- Ahmad Muhammad Harun and Ali Muhammad Ali Abd-Al-Rahman (ICC-02/05-01/07)
- Omar Hassan Ahmad Al Bashir (ICC-02/05-01/09)
- Bahar Idriss Abu Garda (ICC-02/05-02/09)
- Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain and Saleh Mohammed Jerbo Jamus (ICC-02/05/03/09)
- Situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (ICC-01/04)
- Thomas Lubanga Dyilo (ICC-01/04-01/06)
- Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui (ICC-01/04-01/07)
- Bosco Ntaganda (ICC-01/04-02/06)
- Callixte Mbarushimana (ICC-01/04-01/10)
- Situation in the Republic of Kenya (ICC-01/09)
- William Samoei Ruto, Henry Kiprono Kosgey and Joshua Arap Sang (ICC-01/09-01/11)
- Francis Kirimi Muthaura, Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta and Mohammed Hussein Ali (ICC-01/09-02/11)
- Situation in Libya (ICC-01/11)
- Situation in Uganda (ICC-02/04)
- International Court of Justice (ICJ) [in alphabetic order]
- International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) [in alphabetic order]
- Akayesu (ICTR-96-4)
- Bagambiki, Imanishimwe, and Munyakazi (ICTR-97-36)
- Bagaragaza (ICTR-2005-86)
- Bagilishema (ICTR-95-1A)
- Bagosora (ICTR-96-7)
- Bagosora, Kabiligi, Ntabakuze, and Nsengiyumva (ICTR-98-41)
- Barayagwiza (ICTR-97-19)
- Bikindi (ICTR-2001-72)
- Bisengimana (ICTR-2000-60-I)
- Augustin Bizimungu, Ndindiliyimana, Nzuwonemeye, and Sagahutu (ICTR-00-56)
- Casimir Bizimungu, Mugenzi, Bicamumpaka, and Mugiraneza (ICTR-99-50)
- GAA (ICTR-07-90-R77)
- Gacumbitsi (ICTR-2001-64)
- Gatete (ICTR-2000-61)
- Hategekimana (ICTR-00-55B)
- Kambanda (ICTR-97-23)
- Kajelijeli (ICTR-98-44A)
- Kalimanzira (ICTR-05-88)
- Kamuhanda (ICTR-99-54)
- Kanyabashi (ICTR-96-15)
- Kanyarukiga (ICTR-2002-78)
- Karemera, Kabuga, Ngirumpatse, and Nzirorera (ICTR-98-44)
- Karera (ICTR-01-74)
- Kayishema (ICTR-2001-67)
- Kayishema and Ruzindana (ICTR-95-1)
- Kamuhanda (ICTR-99-54)
- Mpambara (ICTR-01-65)
- Mugenzi (ICTR-99-50)
- Mugiraneza (ICTR-99-48)
- Muhimana (ICTR-95-1B)
- Munyakazi (ICTR-1997-36)
- Musema (ICTR-96-13)
- Muvunyi, Nizeyimana, and Hategekimana (ICTR-2000-55)
- Nahimana (ICTR-96-11)
- Nahimana and Barayagwiza (ICTR-99-55)
- Nahimana, Ngeze, and Barayagwiza (ICTR-99-52)
- Nchamihigo (ICTR-2001-63)
- Ndayambaje, Kanyabashi, Nyiramasuhuko, Ntahobali, Nsabimana, and Nteziryayo (ICTR-96-8)
- Ndindabahizi (ICTR-01-71)
- Ngeze (ICTR-99-52)
- Ngirabatware (ICTR-99-54)
- Ngirumpatse (ICTR-97-44)
- Niyitegeka (ICTR-96-14)
- Nizeyimana (ICTR-00-55C)
- Nsabimana and Nterziryayo (ICTR-97-29)
- Nsengimana (ICTR-01-69)
- Nsengiyumva (ICTR-96-12)
- Nshogoza (ICTR-07-91)
- Ntabakuze and Kabiligi (ICTR-97-34)
- Ntagerura, Bagambiki, and Imanishimwe (ICTR-99-46)
- E. Ntakirutimana and G. Ntakirutimana (ICTR-96-10 and ICTR-96-17)
- Ntawukulilyayo (ICTR-05-82)
- Nterziryayo (ICTR-97-29)
- Ntuyahaga (ICTR-98-40)
- Nyiramasuhuko and Ntahobali (ICTR-97-21)
- Nyiramasuhuko, Ntahobali, Nsabimana, Nteziryayo, Kanyabashi, and Ndayambaje (ICTR-98-42)
- Nzabirinda (ICTR-2001-77)
- Nzabonimana (ICTR-98-44D)
- Radio Television Libre des Mille Collines sarl (ICTR-96-6-D)
- Renzaho (ICTR-97-31)
- Ruggiu (ICTR-97-32)
- Rukundo (ICTR-2001-70)
- Rutaganda (ICTR-96-3)
- Rwamakuba (ICTR-98-44C)
- Sagahutu (ICTR-00-56)
- Semanza (ICTR-97-20)
- Serushago (ICTR 98-39)
- Seromba (ICTR-2001-66)
- Simba (ICTR-01-76-1)
- Uwinkindi (ICTR-2001-75-R11bis)
- Zigiranyirazo (ICTR-2001-73)
- International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY)
- Ademi (IT-06-46)
- Ademi and Norać (IT-04-78)
- Aleksovski (IT-95-14/1-A)
- Babić (IT-03-72)
- Banović
- Beara (IT-02-58)
- Blagojević and Jokić (IT-02-60)
- Beqaj (IT-03-66-R77)
- Blaškić (IT-95-14)
- Boškoski and Tarčulovski (IT-04-82)
- Bralo (IT-95-17)
- Brđanin and Talić (IT-99-36)
- Čermak and Markač (IT-03-73)
- Češić (IT-95-10/1)
- Delalić, Mucić, Hazim Delić, and Landžo (IT-96-21)
- Rasim Delić (IT-04-83)
- Deronjić (IT-02-61)
- Djukić (IT-96-20)
- Ðorđević (IT-05-87)
- Erdemović (IT-96-22)
- Furundžija (IT-95-17/1)
- Fuštar, Banović and Knežević (IT-95-8/1)
- Galić (IT-98-29)
- Gotovina (IT-01-45)
- Gotovina, Čermak, and Markač (IT-06-90)
- Hadžihasanović, Alagić, and Kubura (IT-01-47)
- Halilović (IT-01-48)
- Haradinaj, Balaj, and Brahimaj (IT-04-84)
- Haraqija and Morina (IT-04-84-R77.4-A)
- Hartmann (IT-02-54)
- Haxhiu (IT-04-84-R77.5)
- In re: Republic of Macedonia (IT-02-55-MISC.6)
- Janković (IT-96-23/2)
- Jelisić (IT-95-10)
- Miodrag Jokić (IT-01-42/1)
- Dragan Jokić (IT-05-88-R77.1)
- Jović (IT-95-14/2-R77)
- Kabashi (IT-04-84-R77.1)
- Karadžić (IT-95-5/18)
- Karadžić and Mladić (IT-95-5)
- Kolundžija (IT-95-8)
- Kordić, Blaškić, Čerkez, Šantić, Skopljak, and Aleksovski (IT-95-14)
- Kordić and Čerkez (IT-95-14/2)
- Kovačević (IT-97-24)
- Krajišnik (IT-00-39)
- Krajišnik and Plavšić (IT-00-39 and 40/1)
- Krnojelac (IT-97-25)
- Krstić (IT-98-33)
- Kunarac, Kovač, and Vuković (IT-96-23 and 23/1)
- Zoran Kupreškić, Mirjan Kupreškić, Vlado Kupreškić, Drago Josipović, Dragan Papić, and Vladimir Šantić (IT-95-16)
- Kvočka, Kos, Radić, Zigić, and Prcać (IT-98-30/1)
- Limaj, Musliu, and Bala (IT-03-66)
- Ljubičić (IT-00-41)
- S. Lukić and M. Lukić (IT-98-32/1)
- Marijačić and Rebić (IT-95-14-R77.2)
- Margetić (IT-95-14-R77.6)
- Martić (IT-95-11)
- Mejakić, Gruban and Knežević (IT-95-4)
- Dragomir Milošević (IT-98-29/1)
- Slobodan Milošević (IT-99-37, IT-01-50 and IT-01-51; IT-02-54)
- S. Milošević, Milutinović, Šainović, Ojdanić, and Stojilković (IT-99-37)
- Milutinović, Šainović, Ojdanić, Pavković, Lazarević, and Lukić (IT-05-87)
- Mladić (IT-95-5)
- Mrđa (IT-02-59)
- Mrkšić, Radić, and Šlivančanin (IT-95-13/1)
- Mrkšić, Radić, Šljivančanin, and Dokmanović (IT-95-13a)
- Naletilić and Martinović (IT-98-34)
- Dragan Nikolić (IT-94-2)
- Momir Nikolić (IT-02-60/1)
- Obrenović (IT-02-60/2)
- Orić (IT-03-68-T)
- Pandurević and Trbić (IT-05-86)
- Pavković, Lazarević, Đordević, and Lukić (IT-03-70)
- Perišić (IT-04-81)
- L. Petković (IT-03-67-R77.1)
- V Popović, Beara, Nikolić, Borovčanin, Tolimir, Miletić, Gvero, Pandurević, and Trbić (IT-02-57, IT-02-58, IT-02-63, IT-02-64, IT-04-80 and IT-05-86)
- Prlić, Stojić, Praljak, Petković, Ćorić, and Pušić (IT-04-74)
- Radić and Žigić
- Rajić (IT-95-12-R61)
- Rašević (IT-97-25)
- Rašević and Todović (IT-97-25/1)
- Šainović and Ojdanić (IT-99-37)
- Šainović, Ojdanić, Pavković, Lazarević, and Lukić (IT-05-87)
- Šešelj (IT-03-67)
- Sikirica, Došen, and Kolundžija (IT-95-8)
- B Simić, M. Simić, M. Tadić, Todorović, and Zarić (IT-95-9)
- Šljivančanin (IT-95-13)
- Stakić (IT-97-24)
- Stanišić and Simatović (IT-03-69)
- Stanišić and Župljanin (IT-08-91 and IT-95-5/l8)
- Stanković (IT-96-23-2)
- Strugar (IT-01-42)
- D Tadić (IT-94-1)
- Todorović (IT-95-9/1)
- Tolimir (IT-05-88)
- Tolimir, Miletić, and Gvero (IT-04-80)
- Vasiljević (IT-98-32)
- Zelenović (IT-96-23/2)
- Žigić (IT-98-30)
- Župljanin (IT-99-36/2)
- International Military Tribunal (IMT)
- International Military Tribunal for Far East (IMTFE)
- Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL) (in alphabetic order)
- Alex Tamba Brima, Brima Bazzy Kamara, and Santigie Borbor Kanu (AFRC, SCSL-04-16 etc.)
- Sam Hinga Norman, Moinina Fofana, and Allieu Kondewa (CDF, SCSL-04-14, etc.)
- Issa Hassan Sesay, Morris Kallon, Augustine Gbao (RUF, SCSL-04-15 etc.)
- Charles Ghankay Taylor (SCSL-03-1)
- Samura, Brima, Jalloh, A. Kamara, E. Kamara (SCSL-05-01)
- Williams and Yillah
- Special Panels for Serious Crimes, Dili District Court (SPSC)
- Rudolfo Alves Correia
- Amati and Matos
- Sisto Barros, Cesar Mendonca, and Josep Nahak
- Jose Cardoso Ferreira
- Mendes Correia
- Albilio Mendez Correira
- Agustinho da Costa
- Damião da Costa Nunes
- João Franca da Silva, Sabino Gouveia Leite, Jose Cardoso Ferreira (‘Lolotoe’)
- Lino de Carvalho
- Paulino de Jesus
- Augusto dos Santos
- Carlos Ena
- Umbertus Ena and Carlos Ena
- Fernandez
- Joseph Leki
- Gaspar Leite (a.k.a. Leki)
- Joni Marques, Manuel Da Costa, João Da Costa, Paulo Da Costa, Amélio Da Costa, Hilário Da Silva, Gonsalo Dos Santos, Alarico Fernandes, Mautersa Monis, and Gilberto Fernandes (‘Los Palos’)
- Miguel Mau
- Rusdin Maubere
- Josep Nahak
- Francisco Pedro
- Perreira
- Dos Santos Laku
- Benjamin Sarmento
- Benjamin Sarmento, Romeiro Tilman, Joao Sarmento, and Domingas Mendonca
- João Sarmento
- Fransisco Soares
- Salvador Soares
- Carlos Soares Carmona
- Jose Valente
- Wiranto et al.
- Special Tribunal for Lebanon (STL)
- National courts
- Table of Instruments
- Contents
- International treaties, conventions, and agreements
- Resolutions, reports and regulations of (international) organizations
- Assembly of the African Union
- Assembly of States Parties (ICC)
- Association of Defence Counsel Practising Before the ICTY
- Control Council and Coordinating Committee of the Allied Control Authority
- Council of Europe
- ECCC
- European Union
- Human Rights Committee
- IMT
- International Association of Judges
- International Bar Association
- ICC
- International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur
- International Court of Justice (ICJ)
- ICTR
- ICTY
- SCSL
- STL
- United Nations Commission on Human Rights
- United Nations Economic and Social Council
- United Nations General Assembly
- United Nations Human Rights Committee
- United Nations International Independent Investigation Commission
- United Nations International Law Commission
- United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK)
- United Nations ICC Preparatory Committee, Diplomatic Conference of Plenipotentiaries, Preparatory Commission, Review Conference
- United Nations Office for Drugs and Crime (UNODC)
- United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights
- United Nations Secretary-General
- United Nations Security Council
- United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET)
- Official statements, records, letters, and reports
- National legislation, instruments, and reports (countries in alphabetic order)
- Albania
- Algeria
- Argentina
- Australia
- Belgium
- Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Brazil
- Bulgaria
- Cambodia
- Canada
- China
- Croatia
- Denmark
- East Timor
- Egypt
- Estonia
- Finland
- France
- Germany
- Greece
- Hong Kong
- Indonesia
- India
- Iraq
- Israel
- Italy
- Japan
- Kenya
- Mexico
- Netherlands
- Norway
- New Zealand
- Poland
- Portugal
- Republic of Ireland
- Russian Federation
- Rwanda
- Singapore
- South Africa
- Spain
- Sweden
- Switzerland
- United Kingdom
- United States of America
- Soft law (in chronological order)
- Index
- [18.207.160.97]
- 18.207.160.97
