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Contents
- Preliminary Material
- Main Text
- Part I Introduction
- 1 Introduction
- Preliminary Material
- [1.01]
- [1.02]
- Civil and Political Rights—The Philosophical Background
- The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
- Supporting Guarantees
- The ICCPR and Domestic Law
- The Human Rights Committee
- Interpretation and Development of ICCPR Norms
- Cultural Relativism and Civil and Political Rights
- The Human Rights Committee—an Appraisal
- Conclusion
- 1 Introduction
- Part II Admissibility Under the ICCPR
- 2 The ‘Ratione Temporis’ Rule
- 3 The ‘Victim’ Requirement
- Preliminary Material
- The ‘Victim’ Requirement for Optional Protocol Admissibility
- Victim must be an Individual
- Standing for Third Parties
- Future Violations
- Conclusion
- 4 Territorial and Jurisdictional Limits
- Preliminary Material
- [4.01]
- [4.02]
- General Comment 31
- Colonies
- Extraterritorial State Responsibility
- Diminished Intra-territorial Responsibility
- State Liability for the Acts of Private Persons
- State Liability for the Acts of International Organizations
- Liability with Regard to the Acts of Other States
- Conclusion
- 5 Consideration Under Another International Procedure
- 6 Exhaustion of Domestic Remedies
- Preliminary Material
- Article 5(2)(b), First Optional Protocol
- What Sort of Remedies must be Exhausted?
- How must Remedies be Exhausted?
- No Requirement to Exhaust Futile Remedies
- Must Authors Exhaust Costly Remedies?
- Unreasonable Prolongation of Remedies
- Exhaustion of Domestic Remedies Requirement in Cases of State Succession
- Burden of Proof
- Conclusion
- Part III Civil and Political Rights
- 7 Right of Self-determination—Article 1
- 8 The Right to Life—Article 6
- Preliminary Material
- Article 6
- Right to Not be Killed by the State
- General Comment 6
- Suárez de Guerrero v Colombia (45/79)
- Burrell v Jamaica (546/93)
- Umateliev v Kyrgyzstan (1275/04)
- Domínguez v Paraguay (1828/08)
- Eshonov v Uzbekistan (1225/03)
- Zhumbaeva v Kyrgysztan (1756/08)
- Peiris v Sri Lanka (1862/09)
- Attempted Assassination
- Duty to Investigate State Killings
- Duty to Punish Offenders for State Killings
- Disappearances
- Duty to Train Relevant Personnel
- Duty to Protect Detainees
- Duty to Control Private Entities
- Capital Punishment
- Non-Deportation Obligations
- Environmental and Socio-economic Aspects of Article 6
- Participation in War
- Nuclear Capability
- Women and the Right to Life
- Abortion
- Euthanasia
- Conclusion
- 9 Freedom from Torture and Rights to Humane Treatment—Articles 7 and 10
- Preliminary Material
- Article 7
- Definitions
- Restrictions on Article 7 Rights
- Specific Violations of Article 7 and the Convention Against Torture
- [9.49]
- [9.50]
- [9.51]
- [9.52]
- [9.53]
- Evidentiary Requirements
- The Rights of Women and other Vulnerable People under Article 7
- Mental Distress
- Capital Punishment and the Death Row Phenomenon
- Larrañaga v Philippines (1421/05)
- Johnson v Jamaica (588/94)
- Lavende v Trinidad and Tobago (554/1993)
- Francis v Jamaica (606/94)
- Kamoyo v Zambia (1859/09)
- Clive Johnson v Jamaica (592/94)
- Wilson v Philippines (868/99)
- Chisanga v Zambia (1132/02)
- Martin v Jamaica (317/88)
- Pennant v Jamaica (647/95)
- Thompson v St Vincent and The Grenadines (806/98)
- RS v Trinidad and Tobago (684/96)
- Rayos v Philippines (1167/03)
- Method of Execution
- Extradition, Expulsion, Refoulement
- General Comment 20
- General Comment 31
- Pillai v Canada (1763/08)
- C v Australia (900/99)
- X v Sweden (1833/08)
- Alzery v Sweden (1416/05)
- Article 3, CAT
- Sogi v Canada (CAT 297/06)
- X v Spain (CAT 23/1995)
- Aemei v Switzerland (34/95)
- Hamida v Canada (1544/07)
- Tapia Paez v Sweden (CAT 39/96)
- TPS v Canada (CAT 99/97)
- Sogi v Canada (CAT 297/06)
- Canepa v Canada (558/93)
- Corporal Punishment
- Conditions of Detention
- Poor Medical Treatment in Detention
- Solitary Confinement and Detention Incommunicado
- Disappearances
- Unauthorized Medical Experimentation
- Duties to Train Appropriate Personnel
- Duties to Institute Procedures to Minimize Risks of ‘Article 7 Treatment’
- Non-Use of Statements Obtained After Article 7 Treatment in Judicial Proceedings
- Duties to Remedy Breaches of Article 7
- Duty to Pass and Enforce Legislation
- Duty to Investigate Allegations of Article 7 Treatment
- Duty to Compensate Victims
- Duty to Punish Offenders
- Amnesties
- Universal Jurisdiction Over Torturers
- Meaning of ‘Persons Deprived of their Liberty’
- Private Detention Institutions
- Minimum Conditions of Detention
- General Comment 21
- Brough v Australia (1184/03)
- Giri v Nepal (1761/08)
- Griffin v Spain (493/92)
- Pinto v Trindidad and Tobago (512/92)
- Kennedy v Trinidad and Tobago (845/98)
- RS v Trinidad and Tobago (684/96)
- Walker and Richards v Jamaica (639/95)
- Singh v New Zealand (791/97)
- Solitary Confinement and Detention Incommunicado
- Communication with Family and Friends
- Access to Information
- Death Row Phenomenon
- Victimization
- Positive Duties Under Article 10(1)
- Article 10(2)(a)—Segregation of Accused Persons from Convicted Persons
- Article 10(2)(b) And 10(3)—Protection for Juvenile Detainees
- Article 10(3)—Rehabilitative Purpose for Detention
- Conclusion
- 10 Miscellaneous Rights—Articles 8, 11, and 16
- 11 Freedom from Arbitrary Detention—Article 9
- Preliminary Material
- Article 9
- The Right to Security of the Person
- The Right to ‘Liberty’
- The Requirement of Legality
- ‘Arbitrary’ Detention
- The Right to be Informed of a Criminal Charge—Article 9(2)
- Rights of Persons Detained on Criminal Charges—Article 9(3)
- Right of Habeas Corpus—Article 9(4)
- Right to Compensation—Article 9(5)
- Forced Disappearances
- Conclusion
- 12 Freedom of Movement—Article 12
- 13 Procedural Rights Against Expulsion—Article 13
- Preliminary Material
- Article 13
- Scope of Rights Under Article 13
- Relationship with Article 14
- Aliens Eligible for Article 13 Protection
- Expulsion in Accordance ‘with Law’
- Right to be Heard by a Competent Authority
- Right to Review by a Competent Authority
- Rights of Representation
- Abrogation of Article 13 Rights ‘where Compelled by Reasons of National Security’
- Conclusion
- 14 Right to a Fair Trial—Article 14
- Preliminary Material
- Article 14
- General Comment 32
- General Comment 32
- Osiyuk v Belarus (1311/04)
- Sayadi and Vinck v Belgium (1472/06)
- Article 14(1)
- [14.06]
- ‘Suit at Law’
- Equality Before the Courts
- Access to Courts
- General Comment 32
- Bahamonde v Equatorial Guinea (468/91)
- Sankara et al v Burkina Faso (1159/03)
- General Comment 32
- Currie v Jamaica (377/89)
- General Comment 32
- Lindon v Australia (646/95)
- Äärelä and Näkkäläjärvi v Finland (779/97)
- Mahuika v New Zealand (547/93)
- General Comment 32
- Mahuika v New Zealand (547/93)
- Requisite Characteristics of Tribunals
- Military Courts
- Elements of a Fair Trial
- General Comment 32
- JK v Canada (174/84)
- RM v Finland (301/88)
- Van Meurs v The Netherlands (215/86)
- Pinto v Trinidad and Tobago (232/87)
- GS v Jamaica (369/89)
- Hendriks v The Netherlands (201/85)
- NT v Canada (1052/02)
- Lagunas Castedo v Spain (1122/02)
- Larrañaga v Philippines (1421/05)
- Kurbonov v Tajikistan (1208/03)
- Wright v Jamaica (349/89)
- John Campbell v Jamaica (307/88)
- Richards v Jamaica (535/93)
- Gridin v Russian Federation (770/97)
- Jansen-Gielen v Netherlands (846/99)
- Vojnovic v Croatia (1510/06)
- Äärelä and Näkkäläjärvi v Finland (779/97)
- Bazarov v Uzbekistan (959/00)
- Akhadov v Kyrgysztan (1503/06)
- Martínez Muñoz v Spain (1006/01)
- Morael v France (207/86)
- Ben Said v Norway (767/97)
- Verlinden v Netherlands (1187/03)
- Expeditious Hearings
- Public Hearings
- Article 14(2)—The Presumption of Innocence
- Article 14(3)(a)—The Right to be Informed of the Charge
- Article 14(3)(b)—Preparation of the Defence
- Article 14(3)(c)—Trial without Undue Delay
- Article 14(3)(d)
- Article 14(3)(e)—Rights Regarding Witness Attendance and Examination
- Article 14(3)(f)—Right to Free Assistance of an Interpreter if Needed
- Article 14(3)(g)—Freedom from Compulsory Self-incrimination
- Article 14(4)—Rights of a Juvenile Accused
- Article 14(5)—Right to an Appeal in Criminal Cases
- General Comment 32
- Domukovsky et al v Georgia (623–4, 626–7/95)
- Gómez Vazquez v Spain (701/96)
- Bandajesky v Belarus (1100/02)
- UCLÉS v Spain (1364/05)
- Perera v Australia (536/93)
- Htb v Canada (534/93)
- Salgar de Montejo v Colombia (64/79)
- Lumley v Jamaica (662/95)
- Henry v Jamaica (230/87)
- General Comment 32
- Mennen v The Netherlands (1797/08)
- Aboushanif v Norway (1542/07)
- Gomariz Valera v Spain (1095/02)
- Escolar v Spain (1156/03)
- Estevill v Spain (1004/01)
- Shchetka v Ukraine (1535/06)
- Article 14(6)—Right to Compensation for Miscarriage of Justice
- Article 14(7)—Freedom from Double Jeopardy
- Conclusion
- 15 Prohibition of Retroactive Criminal Laws—Article 15
- 16 Right to Privacy—Article 17
- Preliminary Material
- Article 17
- The Definition of Privacy
- Obligation on the State to take Positive Measures to Protect Privacy
- Specific Aspects of Privacy
- Conclusion
- 17 Freedom of Thought, Conscience, and Religion—Article 18
- Preliminary Material
- Article 18
- Freedom of Thought, Conscience, and Religion
- Freedom to Have or Adopt a Religion or Belief
- Manifesting Religion or Belief
- Prohibition of Coercion
- Limitations on the Freedom to Manifest One’s Religion or Belief
- Establishment of a Religion
- Right of Conscientious Objection
- Right Regarding Religious and Moral Education—Article 18(4)
- Conclusion
- 18 Freedom of Expression—Articles 19 and 20
- Preliminary Material
- Article 19
- [18.01]
- General Comment 34
- Freedom of ‘Opinion’
- Meaning of ‘Freedom of Expression’
- Right of Access to Information
- Permissible Limitations to Free Expression
- Article 20 and Hate Speech
- Conclusion
- 19 Freedoms of Assembly and Association—Articles 21 and 22
- 20 Protection of the Family—Article 23
- Preliminary Material
- Article 23
- General Comment 19
- General Comment 19
- Definition of a Family
- Protection of the Family
- [20.16]
- Residency Rights and Family Unity
- [20.17]
- Aumeeruddy-Cziffra et al v Mauritius (35/78)
- El Dernawi v Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (1143/02)
- Stewart v Canada (538/93)
- Canepa v Canada (558/93)
- Madafferi v Australia (1011/01)
- Dauphin v Canada (1792/08)
- Winata v Australia (930/00)
- Sahid v New Zealand (893/99)
- Rajan and Rajan v New Zealand (820/98)
- Gonzalez v Guyana (1246/04)
- Forced Removal of Children from a Parent
- Article 23(2): Right to Marry
- Article 23(2): Right to Found a Family
- Article 23(3): Requirement of Consent to Marriage
- Article 23(4): Right of Equality in Marriage
- Conclusion
- 21 Protection of Children—Article 24
- Preliminary Material
- Article 24
- The Convention on the Rights of the Child
- The Ancillary Nature of Article 24
- Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights and Article 24
- Age of Majority
- Right of Non-discrimination
- Children’s Rights within the Family
- Child Exploitation
- Right to Registration and a Name: Article 24(2)
- Right to a Nationality: Article 24(3)
- Conclusion
- 22 Rights of Political Participation—Article 25
- Preliminary Material
- Article 25
- Concept of Citizenship
- Nature of the Right
- Article 25(a): General Right of Public Participation
- Article 25(b): The Right to Vote
- Article 25(b)—Right to Stand for Election
- Article 25(b): Periodic Genuine Elections Expressing the Will of the Electors
- Automated voting systems
- Article 25(c): Equal Access to the Public Service
- Conclusion
- 23 Rights of Non-discrimination—Articles 2(1), 3, and 26
- Preliminary Material
- Article 2
- Article 3
- Article 26
- General Comment 28
- Definition of Discrimination
- Scope of ICCPR Non-discrimination Provisions
- Prohibited Grounds of Discrimination
- Indirect Discrimination
- Permissible and Impermissible Differentiation
- [23.48]
- [23.49]
- Racial Profiling
- Sex Discrimination
- Sexuality Discrimination
- Discrimination on the Grounds of Conscience or Religion
- Language Discrimination
- Age Discrimination
- Discrimination in Relation to Property
- Nationality Discrimination
- Discrimination on Grounds of Marital Status
- Miscellaneous Alleged Grounds of Discrimination
- Affirmative Action
- Reverse Discrimination
- Measures to Combat Private-sector Discrimination
- Systemic Inequality
- Educational Duties
- Investigation of Discrimination
- Remedies for Victims of Discrimination
- Equality before the Law
- Conclusion
- 24 Minority Rights—Article 27
- Preliminary Material
- Article 27
- General Comment 23
- Article 27 and Other Articles of the ICCPR
- Definition of a Minority
- Membership of a Minority
- Indigenous People and Article 27
- Individual Rights and Group Rights
- Substantive Content: What is Protected under Article 27?
- Positive Measures of Protection
- Conclusion
- 25 The Right to a Remedy—Article 2(3)
- Part IV Alteration of ICCPR Duties
- 26 Reservations, Denunciations, Succession, and Derogations
- Preliminary Material
- [26.01]
- Reservations
- [26.02]
- [26.03]
- [26.04]
- [26.05]
- General Comment 24
- Declarations
- Interpretations of Reservations
- Limits to States’ Rights of Reservation
- Conclusion
- Denunciations
- Succession
- Derogations
- Article 4 ICCPR
- Substantive Limits to the Power of Derogation
- Procedural Requirements for Article 4
- Burden of Proof and Hrc’s Supervisory Role
- Conclusion
- 26 Reservations, Denunciations, Succession, and Derogations
- Part I Introduction
- Further Material
