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Oxford Public International Law
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Air law and law of outer space
Diplomacy and consular relations
European Union
History of international law
Human rights
Immunities
Individuals and non-state actors
International co-operation
International criminal law
International economic law
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International humanitarian law
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Oxford Law Citator
Contents
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Collapse All
Preliminary Material
Table of Contents
Table of National Cases
Country Cases
Algeria
Australia
Belgium
Canada
Chile
France
Germany
Greece
India
Ireland
Italy
Kenya
The Netherlands
New Zealand
South Africa
Switzerland
United Kingdom
United States
Zimbabwe
International Cases
African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights
Claims Commissions (RIAA)
European Court of Human Rights
European Court of Justice
Human Rights Committee
Inter-American Commission of Human Rights
Inter-American Court of Human Rights
International Court of Justice
International Criminal Court
Committee Decisions
Permanent Court of International Justice
World Trade Organization Decisions
Other Tribunals
Other Cases
Table of Treaties, Declarations, and Other International Instruments
Table of Abbreviations
Notes on the Contributors
Main Text
Introduction
Part I Theoretical Foundations
Ch.1 Religion
1 Religion and Human Rights in the East
1.1 Hinduism
1.2 Buddhism
1.3 Confucianism
2 Religion and Human Rights in the West
2.1 Judaism
2.2 Islam
2.3 Christianity
3 Religion and the Modern International Human Rights Framework
4 The Place of Religion in Human Rights Today
Further Reading
Ch.2 Moral Philosophy
1 The Political Conception of Human Rights
2 Four Challenges to Moral Philosophy
3 The Nature of Rights Debate
4 New Analyses of Rights
5 Human Rights as Natural Property Rights
6 Natural Rights to Welfare
7 Conclusion
Further Reading
Ch.3 Biological Foundations of Human Rights
1 Introduction
2 The Need for Rights: Violence and Altruism
3 Kin Selection
4 Mutualism and Group Augmentation
5 Reciprocity
5.1 Direct reciprocity
5.2 Indirect reciprocity
6 True Altruism
7 Competition and Cooperation
7.1 Collective action problems
7.2 Group benefits of altruism
8 Biological Adaptations for Altruism in Humans and Other Animals
9 Conclusion
Further Reading
Ch.4 Sociology of Human Rights
1 Introduction: The Missing Sociology of Human Rights
2 Human Rights or Citizenship Rights?
3 Human Vulnerability and Recognition
4 Human Rights and The Civilizing Process
5 Globalization and Community Necessity
6 Conclusion: Critical Observations
Further Reading
Ch.5 The Psychological Foundations of Human Rights
1 Introduction
2 Human Rights and the Basic Psychology of Rights and Obligation
2.1 On the logic of rights as it relates to interpersonal obligations
2.2 Examining the basic psychology of obligation
3 Placing the Psychology of Rights and Obligation into a Contemporary Evolutionary Framework
3.1 The concept ‘natural function’ and why it matters
3.2 The concept ‘social contract problem’ and why it matters
3.3 Obligata and the natural function of the human sense of obligation
3.4 Further evidence for obligata and the natural function of obligation
4 Conclusion: From Rights to Human Rights
Further Reading
Ch.6 Anthropology and the Grounds of Human Rights
1 A Curious History
1.1 Melville Herskovits’s Statement on Human Rights
1.2 The wilderness years
1.3 Social justice and other Universalist projects
1.4 The prodigal son returns
1.5 Toward an ecumenical anthropology of human rights
Further Reading
Part II Historical and Legal Sources
Ch.7 The Foundations of Justice and Human Rights in Early Legal Texts and Thought
1 Introduction
2 Ancient Near and Middle East
3 Ancient China
4 Ancient India
5 Classical Greece and Rome
6 The Medieval Period
7 The Renaissance, Reformation, and Age of Exploration
8 The Enlightenment and its Three Revolutions
9 Perspectives and Assessments
Further Reading
Ch.8 General Principles and Constitutions as Sources of Human Rights Law
1 Introduction
2 Preliminary Comments on General Principles and Constitutions
3 The Universal Declaration of Human Rights
4 The Application and Interpretation of Human Rights by International Courts
4.1 The Permanent Court of International Justice and the International Court of Justice
4.2 The European Court of Human Rights
5 The Court of Justice of the European Union
6 Conclusion
Further Reading
Ch.9 The Anti-Slavery Movement and the Rise of International Non-Governmental Organizations
1 The Rise of Abolitionism: Religion, Natural Rights, and Civil Society
2 International Action against the Slave Trade
2.1 Civil society networks
2.2 State-to-state action: international treaties and courts
2.3 Women and abolition
2.4 Development of civil society and emergence of other transnational non-governmental organizations
2.5 Connections between early NGOs and those active today
Further Reading
Ch.10 Diplomatic Protection as a Source of Human Rights Law
1 Introduction
2 The Territorial and Nationality Dimension of Diplomatic Protection
2.1 The bond of nationality
2.2 The sovereignty of the territorial state
3 The International Minimum Standard
3.1 The ‘international standards that every reasonable and impartial man would readily recognize’
3.2 The international minimum standard as a safety net
4 Conclusion
Further Reading
Ch.11 Humanitarian Law as a Source of Human Rights Law
1 Humanity in War: Ancient Roots and the European Middle Ages
2 National Wars and Individual Rights
3 The Science of Warfare and the Progress of Civilization
4 Inter Arma Caritas : Henri Dunant and the Red Cross
5 The United Nations, Human Rights, and Humanitarian Law
6 Human Rights in Armed Conflict
7 Conclusion
Further Reading
Ch.12 Social Justice, Rights, and Labour
1 Introduction
2 The Emergence of International Labour Law
2.1 Development of an international labour movement
2.2 Sources and the theory of social legislation
2.3 The idea of transnational labour law
2.4 Preparing the way: workers’ rights in the interest of humanity
2.5 Principles and machinery for lasting peace
2.5.1 Structural principles of the organization
2.5.2 Guiding principles of the organization
3 ILO Action and Innovation
3.1 ILO in operation: international labour standards and the oversight machinery
3.2 Changing economic and social realities: ILO constitutional innovation
3.3 ILO standards, international human rights law, and the so-called ‘generations’
3.4 ILO and UN human rights: distinctive approaches to common aims
3.5 ILO and UN human rights cooperation
4 Quo Vadis: International Human Rights and International Labour Standards
Further Reading
Ch.13 The Protection of Minorities under the Auspices of the League of Nations
1 The Birth of the Mechanism in the Settlement of Peace after the First World War
2 The Main Principles and Structures of the League of Nations Mechanism
2.1 The complaints procedure
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
3 The Perception of Minority Protection by States and Minorities: Dissatisfaction Followed by Paralysis
4 The Funeral: The Memorandum of the Secretary General of the United Nations
5 Our Common Heritage: Historical and Practical Lessons
Further Reading
Part III Structural Principles
Ch.14 Human Dignity
1 The Function of Human Dignity in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
2 Dignity and Human Rights in Other International Instruments
3 The Further Specification of the Principle of Human Dignity
4 The Functions of Human Dignity
5 Conclusion
Further Reading
Ch.15 Subsidiarity
1 What is Subsidiarity?
2 Subsidiarity of International Institutions as a Structural Fact
3 Substantive Subsidiarity within the State
4 Procedural Doctrines of Subsidiarity
4.1 Exhaustion of domestic remedies
4.2 The ‘fourth instance’ doctrine
4.3 Remedial subsidiarity
4.4 The margin of appreciation
5 Conclusion
Further Reading
Ch.16 Sovereignty
1 The Concept of Sovereignty
1.1 Political independence
1.2 Exclusive control within national borders
1.3 Territorial integrity
1.3.1 The forceful acquisition of a territory
1.3.2 Secession
1.4 Sovereign immunity
2 Sovereignty and Human Rights
3 Conclusion
Further Reading
Ch.17 Solidarity
1 Introduction
2 United Nations Pronouncements on Solidarity
3 Solidarity in the International System
3.1 The protection of peace
3.2 International environmental law
3.3 World trade law
4 Solidarity as a Basis for the Protection of Human Rights
4.1 Humanitarian assistance
4.2 Responsibility to protect
4.2.1 Security Council action with respect to the responsibility to protect?
4.2.2 New developments
4.2.3 Assessment
5 Concluding Remarks
Further Reading
Ch.18 Equality
1 The Philosophical Foundations of Equality
1
2
2 Equality and Non-Discrimination Concepts in Human Rights Law
2.1 Equality as consistent treatment
2.2 Equality of opportunity
2.3 Equality of outcomes
2.4 Transformative equality
3 Equality as a Structural Principle of International Human Rights Law
3.1 Equality as a preambular objective
3.2 Equality serving an implicit descriptive function
3.3 Equality codification in the substantive articles of human rights treaties
4 The Scope and Interpretation of the Principle of Equality in Contemporary International Human Rights Law
4.1 The definition and scope of discrimination and equal treatment
4.2 Permitted measures to accelerate and achieve de facto equality
5 A Right to Equality in International Human Rights Law?
6 Concluding Remarks
Further Reading
Ch.19 Proportionality
1 Introduction
2 Genesis and Development
3 The Principle of Proportionality as a General Principle of IHRL
3.1 Overview
3.2 The principle of proportionality as a general principle of IHRL
4 Three Tests of Proportionality
4.1 Overview
4.2 Suitability (rational connection)
4.3 Necessity (less restrictive alternative or least restrictive means)
4.4 Proportionality in the strict sense
5 Proportionality Analysis by the European Court of Human Rights
5.1 Overview
5.2 Limitation clauses and proportionality analysis under the ECHR
5.3 Necessity and proportionality stricto sensu under the limitation clauses
5.4 Derogations (Article 15) and proportionality in a narrow sense
5.5 Non-discrimination (Article 14) and proportionality stricto sensu
5.6 Due process guarantees and proportionality in a narrow sense
5.7 Evaluation of the ECtHR’s proportionality analysis
6 Proportionality as Applied by the UN Human Rights Committee
6.1 Overview
6.2 Necessity as developed by the HRC
7 Proportionality Analysis in the Inter-American System
7.1 Overview
7.2 The Structure of Proportionality Analysis under the ACHR
7.3 Necessity
7.4 Proportionality in a narrow sense
8 Critiques of Proportionality Analysis
9 Conclusion
Further Reading
Ch.20 Democracy and the Rule of Law
1 Introduction
2 Formal Recognition of the Rule of Law and Democracy
3 A Closer Look at the Rule of Law and Democracy in Relation to Human Rights
3.1 The rule of law
3.2 Democracy
4 The Legal Nature of the Rule of Law and Democracy
4.1 The rule of law
4.2 Democracy
5 Taking Stock
5.1 The rule of law
5.2 Democracy
6 Conclusion
Further Reading
Part IV Normative Evolution
Ch.21 The Law-Making Process: From Declaration to Treaty to Custom to Prevention
1 Introduction
2 The Drafting Process for Declarations and Conventions
2.1 Plans of action for drafting new norms
2.2 Expert studies
2.3 The collection of relevant materials
2.4 The role of the Secretariat and Office of Legal Affairs
2.5 Stages in the deliberations process
2.6 Final adoption
3 The International Law of Human Rights
3.1 The United Nations Charter
3.2 Customary international law
3.3 Human rights treaties
3.4 General principles of law and international declarations or guidelines
4 The Passage of Declaration and Convention Provisions into Customary International Law
5 Reflections on Improving Human Rights Law-Making: Moving to Prevention
5.1 Threats to humanity that call for the articulation of their human rights dimensions
5.2 The protection of vulnerable groups
5.3 The preventive dimensions of the responsibility to protect
5.4 The preventive roles of national protection systems
5.5 Using the Universal Periodic Review process to advance prevention
5.6 Injecting human rights dimensions into regional preventive regimes
5.7 Leadership on preventive treaties such as the Optional Protocol to CAT
5.8 Cooperating with partners to advance prevention
5.9 Using the voice of the UN High Commissioner
5.10 Making prevention the decisive rationale of a human rights grand strategy
6 Conclusion
Further Reading
Ch.22 Core Rights and Obligations
1 Some Human Rights as Core Rights
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
2 Each Human Right Contains an Essential Core
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
3 Core Obligations
4 Discussion
Further Reading
Ch.23 Jus Cogens and Obligations Erga Omnes
1 The Concept of Jus Cogens
2 The Content of Jus Cogens
3 The Practical Impact of Jus Cogens
3.1 Limiting the scope of jus cogens norms
3.2 Other techniques for avoiding jus cogens
3.3 Resorting to ‘ordinary’ custom instead of jus cogens
4 The Relationship Between Jus Cogens and Erga Omnes Obligations
4.1 Identifying erga omnes norms
4.2 The implications of erga omnes status for the enforcement of jus cogens obligations
5 The Relevance of Jus Cogens Within The Domestic Legal Order
6 Concluding Remarks
Further Reading
Ch.24 Positive and Negative Obligations
1 Introduction
2 The Textual Statements of Obligation
2.1 Positive and negative obligations in the universal system
2.2 Positive and negative obligations in the European system
2.3 Positive and negative obligations in the Inter-American system
2.4 Positive and negative obligations in the African system
3 The Due Diligence Standard
3.1 Development of the due diligence standard
3.2 Developing and applying the due diligence standard
4 Conclusion
Further Reading
Part V Institutions and Actors
Ch.25 From Commission to the Council: Evolution of UN Charter Bodies
1 Introduction
2 The Demise of the Commission and Creation of the Council
2.1 Structure and functioning of the Council
2.2 Five year review of the Council
2.3 Comparing the Council and the Commission
3 The Universal Periodic Review (UPR)
3.1 Five-year review of the Council: enhancing participation
3.2 Proposals for reform of the UPR process
4 The Council’s Special Procedures
4.1 Functions of the mandate holders
4.2 Reform of the Special Procedures
4.3 Impact of the work of SPs
5 Reform of the Council
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
6 Conclusion
Further Reading
Ch.26 The Role and Impact of Treaty Bodies
1 Introduction
2 Composition
3 Decision-Making
4 Functions
4.1 Review of state reports
4.2 General comments
4.3 Interstate complaints
4.4 Individual complaints
4.5 Inquiries
4.6 Other functions
4.6.1 Committee on Enforced Disappearances
4.6.2 Sub-Committee on the Prevention of Torture
5 Follow-Up Procedures
6 The Legal Nature and Effect of the Committees’ Output
7 Problems the Treaty Body System Faces
8 Reviews and Proposals
Further Reading
Ch.27 The Role of International Tribunals: Law-Making or Creative Interpretation?
1 Introduction
2 Law-Making or Interpretation?
3 Factors Potentially Influencing the Interpretation of Human Rights Norms
4 The Practice of the Human Rights Committee
5 The Practice of the Inter-American Court
6 Conclusions
Further Reading
Ch.28 Universality and the Growth of Regional Systems
1 Introduction
2 The Three Established Regional Systems
2.1 Europe
2.2 The Americas
2.3 Africa
3 Thematic Comparison
3.1 Institutional functioning
3.2 Jurisprudence
4 Other Regional Human Rights Initiatives
4.1 Asia and the Pacific
4.2 The Arab League and the Organization of Islamic Cooperation
4.3 Other regional and sub-regional bodies
5 Conclusion
Further Reading
Ch.29 National Implementation and Interpretation
1 Introduction
2 Reception of International Human Rights Law in National Legal Systems
2.1 Ratification, accession, and succession
2.2 Reservation, derogation, and denunciation
3 Incorporation
3.1 Modalities of incorporation
3.2 Rank of the treaty in national or domestic legal systems
3.3 Self-executing character of a treaty provision
4 Mechanism of Implementation and Interpretation
4.1 Basic commitments
4.2 Choice of means of implementation
4.3 Exhaustion of domestic remedies
5 National Implementation of Jurisprudence
5.1 Under the international legal system with non-binding decisions
5.2 Under the international legal system with binding decisions
6 Concluding Remarks
Further Reading
Ch.30 Roles and Responsibilities of Non-State Actors
1 Introduction
2 Non-Governmental or Civil Society Organizations
3 Transnational Corporations and Other Business Entities
4 Armed Irregular Groups
5 Conclusion
Further Reading
Part VI Human Rights and General International Law
Ch.31 Interpretation of Human Rights Treaties
1 Introduction
2 Human Rights: A Self-Contained Regime?
3 Canons of Interpretation and the VCLT
3.1 Interpretation of treaties prior to the VCLT
3.2 The articles of the VCLT
(a)
(b)
4 Introduction to the Treaties and Supervisory Bodies
5 Provisions of Human Rights Conventions Relating to Interpretation
6 Jurisprudence
6.1 Applicability of the VCLT
6.2 Special characteristics of human rights treaties
6.3 Approaches of human rights tribunals to the VCLT
6.3.1 Article 31(1)
1
2
3
4
5
6.3.2 Article 31(3)(c) of the VCLT
6.4 Special human rights rules/principles
6.4.1 The ‘ pro homine ’ approach
6.4.2 Margin of appreciation doctrine
6.4.3 Autonomous interpretation
6.4.4 Principle of consensus
7 Conclusions: Towards a Uniform Holistic Approach to Interpretation
Further Reading
Ch.32 Enforcing Human Rights Through Economic Sanctions
1 Introduction
2 Getting Smarter about Sanctions Tools
3 Cases Involving Sanctions and Human Rights
3.1 Liberia
3.2 Côte d’Ivoire
3.3 Libya
4 Counter-Terrorism Sanctions and Human Rights
5 Making Sanctions Work
6 Conclusions
Further Reading
Ch.33 Transnational Litigation: Jurisdiction and Immunities
1 Introduction and Overview
2 Bases for Asserting Jurisdiction
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
3 Claims against Foreign States
4 Claims Against Current or Former Foreign Officials
4.1 Immunity from criminal prosecution
4.2 Immunity from civil proceedings
5 Claims against Non-State Actors
6 Conclusions
Further Reading
Ch.34 The Use of International Force to Prevent or Halt Atrocities: From Humanitarian Intervention to the Responsibility to Protect
1 Introduction
2 ‘Humanitarian Intervention’ in a World of Sovereign States
2.1 The practice and theory of ‘humanitarian intervention’ until the 1990s
2.2 Changing world context and the emergence of new challenges
3 From ‘Humanitarian Intervention’ to ‘The Responsibility to Protect’
3.1 Kosovo 1999
3.2 The International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS)
3.3 From principle in 2005 to actionable norm in 2011
3.4 International interventions and UN executive authority
3.5 Libya 2011
3.6 Norm consolidation
4 The Need for a Global Dialogue on R2P Implementation
4.1 A false north–south dichotomy
4.2 Syria 2012
4.3 Responsibility while protecting: bringing back legitimacy criteria
5 Conclusion
Further Reading
Ch.35 Trade Law and Investment Law
1 Introduction
2 Trade, Investment, and Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights
2.1 General observations
2.2 The chilling impact of trade and investment law
3 Impact of WTO Rules on Specific Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights
3.1 TRIPS and the right to health
3.2 Free trade and the right to food
4 The Benefits of Free Trade and Investment for Civil and Political Rights
5 Human Rights Protections for Traders and Investors
1
2
6 Hierarchies, Divergence, and Harmonization
6.1 WTO jurisprudence
6.2 Investment jurisprudence
6.3 Human rights jurisprudence
6.4 Conclusion on jurisprudence
7 Conclusion
Further Reading
Part VII Assessments
Ch.36 Creating and Applying Human Rights Indicators
1 Introduction
2 A Conceptual and Historical Framework of Human Rights Indicators
3 Creating Human Rights Indicators
4 Applying Human Rights Indicators
5 Conclusion
Further Reading
Ch.37 Compliance
1 Introduction
2 Non-Judicial Mechanisms: The UN Human Rights Bodies and Procedures
2.1 Preliminary considerations
2.2 The Human Rights Council
2.2.1 Universal Periodic Review
2.2.2 Complaint procedure
2.2.3 Special procedures, fact-finding missions, and Commission of Inquiry
3 Regional Judicial Mechanisms—Effectiveness of the European and the Inter-American systems
3.1 The CoE’s human rights protection mechanism
3.1.1 Committee of Ministers’ Monitoring of the Execution of Judgments
3.1.2 Effectiveness
3.2 The Inter-American system
3.2.1 The IACHR
3.2.2 The IACtHR
4 Conclusions
Further Reading
Ch.38 What Outcomes for Victims?
1 Introduction
2 What Outcomes Are Desirable for Victims?
3 Outcomes for Victims in Human Rights Law and Practice
3.1 What outcomes for victims are envisaged in human rights law?
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
3.2 What outcomes do the human rights institutions and mechanisms actually deliver?
3.2.1 Individual remedies (compensation, restitution, and rehabilitation)
3.2.2 Justice and other measures of satisfaction
3.2.3 Measures of non-repetition
3.2.4 Procedural justice
3.3 Vehicles for delivering reparation to victims
4 Are Victims Getting the Right Outcomes: What is a Victim-Centred Approach?
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
5 Conclusions
Further Reading
Ch.39 Human Rights Make a Difference: Lessons from Latin America
1 Introduction
2 The Nature of the Violations
3 Innovations in Law from the Transitions in Latin America
3.1 Applying international humanitarian law
3.2 Discrediting amnesty laws
4 The Role of Civil Society
5 Effects of the Transitions
6 Mechanisms of Change
6.1 Transitional justice prosecutions
6.2 Truth reports
6.3 Reparations
6.4 Institutional reform
7 Conclusion: Human Rights and the Quality of Democracy
Further Reading
Further Material
Index
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Table of Abbreviations
Edited By: Dinah Shelton
From:
The Oxford Handbook of International Human Rights Law
Edited By: Dinah Shelton
Content type:
Book content
Product:
Oxford Scholarly Authorities on International Law [OSAIL]
Series:
Oxford Handbooks in Law
Published in print:
24 October 2013
ISBN:
9780199640133
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