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Air law and law of outer space
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History of international law
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Oxford Law Citator
Contents
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Preliminary Material
Preface
Contents
Table of Cases
International Jurisdictions
International Arbitrations
League of Nations Council
Permanent Court of International Justice
International Court of Justice
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
UN Human Rights Committee
National and Regional Jurisdictions
European Court of Human Rights
India
United Kingdom
United States of America
Table of Instruments
Treaties
Un Secondary Sources
National Legislation
Canada
France
Germany
Haiti
Netherlands
New Zealand
Russia
Spain
Switzerland
United Kingdom
United States of America
Notes on the Contributors
Main Text
Introduction: Towards A Global History Of International Law
1 ‘The Road Less Traveled by’
2 Overcoming Eurocentrism
3 Global History and the Contribution of the History of International Law
4 Events, Concepts, People: Three Modes of Writing History
5 The Linguistic Turn and Beyond
Perspectives:
Selectivity:
The multiplicity of histories:
6 Lost in Translation?
7 About the Handbook's Place in the Historiography of International Law
I Actors
1 Peoples and Nations
1 Introduction: Peoples’ Law and States’ Law
2 The Terminology of ‘Peoples’ and ‘Nations’
3 State Power and the Will of the People
4 Borders
5 Peoples and Nations in the History of International Law
5.1 16th–18th Centuries
5.2 The American Revolution, Decolonization, Uti Possidetis, and Secession
5.2.1 Decolonization
5.2.2 Uti Possidetis
5.2.3 Prohibition of Secession
5.3 Plebiscites in the 19th Century
5.4 The First World War: Lenin and Wilson
5.5 The Period between the World Wars: Hitler's Long Shadow
5.6 The Second World War
5.7 Cold War and Third World
6 Conclusion
Bibliography
2 States: Rise and Decline of the Primary Subjects of the International Community
1 The Emergence of Modern States
2 Sovereign States are Coeval with the Birth of the International Society
3 European States as the Spine of the International Society in its Early Stages
4 Distinctive Features of Early International Society
5 The Loathed Evil: Rebels
6 Evolution of the Domestic Structure of States and of National Doctrines: their Ramifications for the International Society
7 Attempts by Small States to Restrain the Hegemony of Economically and Militarily Strong States
8 The Gradual Self-Limitation of Sovereign States
9 States’ Attempts to Set up Collective Bodies Designed to Manage Joint Interests
10 The Gradual Dethronement of States in Modern International Society
11 Conclusion
Bibliography
3 Peace Treaties and the Formation of International Law
1 Introduction
2 Classical and Medieval Peace Treaties
3 Peacemaking from 1500 to 1920
4 Parties, Forms, and Safeguards
4.1 Treaty Parties
4.2 Forms, Ratification and Safeguards
5 Perpetual and General Peace
5.1 Perpetual Peace
5.2 General Peace
6 Just and Formal War, Just and Formal Peace
7 The Expansion of European Peace Treaty Practice
8 The Transformation of PeaceTreaty Practice and Law after theFirst World War
9 Conclusion
Bibliography
4 Minorities and Majorities
1 Introduction: International Law and the Treatment of the Other
2 Terminology and Scope
3 The Traditional Position of Minorities in International Legal History
4 Minorities and Westphalia
4.1 Pre-Westphalian Minority Protection
4.2 Responsibility for Minorities as a Characteristic of Westphalian Sovereignty
4.3 Minority Protection Treaties in the 17th and 18th Centuries
5 Minorities After Paris 1919
5.1 National States and National Minorities (1815–1919)
5.2 Minorities and the League System
5.3 The Failure of a Global Minority Regime
5.4 Minority Protection and Sovereign Equality
5.5 Minorities and the Inter-war Debate on International Legal Personality
6 Conclusion
Bibliography
5 Hostes humani generis: Pirates, Slavers, and other Criminals
1 Introduction
2 Piracy
2.1 Towards an Absolute Prohibition of Piracy
2.1.1 Cooperation and Conflict between States and Private Vessels: Privateers versus Pirates
2.1.2 The 1856 Declaration: The Abolition of Privateering
2.1.3 The Clause ‘As if for an Act of Piracy’
2.1.4 Piracy and the League of Nations
2.2 The Anti-piracy International Legal Regime around 1945: A Brief Overview
2.2.1 The Definition of Piracy: International Law and Municipal Law
2.2.2 Universal Jurisdiction
3 Slavers
3.1 The Abolition of African Slave Trade and the Woman and Children Traffic
3.1.1 The Congress of Vienna (1815) and the Treaty of London (1841)
3.1.2 The General Acts of Berlin (1885) and Brussels (1890) Conferences and their 1919 Revision
3.1.3 White Slave Trade and Traffic in Women and Children: The 1904, 1910, 1921, and 1933 International Conventions
3.2 The 1926 League of Nations’ Slavery Convention and Subsequent Developments
3.3 The Enslavement and other Slavery–related Crimes in the Laws and Customs of War
4 Other Criminals
4.1 War Criminals and Other War-related Criminals
4.2 Terrorists
5 Conclusion
Bibliography
6 International Arbitration and Courts
1 Introduction
2 Late Middle Ages and the Early Modern Period (15th and 16th Centuries)
2.1 The Popularity of Arbitration and the Quasi-international Functions of Courts
2.2 Two Substantive Regimes: The Law of Arms and Prize Law—The Persistent Ideal of the European Arbiter
3 Early Modern Period and 18th Century (1600–1815)
3.1 17th Century: The Age of Diplomacy—Continuity and Change
3.2 Ancien Régime and Revolution: Decline of International Arbitration in Practice—An Ideological Base for International Adjudication
4 19th and 20th Centuries (1815–1945): the Rise of Arbitration and the Creation of Institutional Adjudication—High Hopes and Disappointment
4.1 1815–1914: General Appreciation of Arbitration as an Instrument of Diplomacy—Hesitatant Institutionalization
4.2 Versailles, the World Court, and the League of Nations: Arbitration and Adjudication as Alternatives—Progress and Disappointment
5 Conclusion
Bibliography
7 International Organizations: Between Technocracy and Democracy
1 Introduction
2 Historical Overview until the First World War
2.1 Congresses as Precursors
2.2 Confederations
2.3 River Commissions
2.4 International Unions
2.5 The Inter-war Period: The ILO and the League of Nations
3 Causes and Motives
3.1 Material Factors
3.2 Ideational Factors
3.3 Strategic Factors
3.3.1 Power Gain for some States
3.3.2 Power Gain for Non-State Actors and Non-State Entities
4 Aspects of Technicality, Technocracy, and Functionalism
4.1 Territorial versus Functional Entities?
4.2 Administrative Unions: Functional and Technical?
4.3 The League of Nations and its Technicality
5 Democratic Aspects
5.1 International Organizations and Non-State Actors: Civil Society and Business
5.2 The League of Nations and Democracy
5.3 Participation of ‘Stakeholders’
5.4 State Equality, Unanimity, and Majority Rule in International Organizations
5.5 The Autonomy of International Organizations and Democratic Deficits
6 Conclusions: the Imbrications of Technicality and Democracy
6.1 Technicality as a Factor of the Legitimacy of International Organizations
6.2 Technicality as a Factor of Efficacy of the International Organizations
6.3 The Politics of Technocracy
6.4 From Techniques to Politics?
Bibliography
8 Peace Movements, Civil Society, and the Development of International Law
1 Introduction
2 Civil Society Actors and the Philosophical Bases of International Law
3 Peace Movements and International Law in the 19th Century
3.1 Movement Foundations and Growth in the First Half of the 19th Century
3.2 Mid-century Transformations and Competing Norms
4 Late 19th- and Early 20th-Century Activism, the World Court, and Universal International Organization
4.1 From the League of Nations to the United Nations
5 Conclusion
Bibliography
II Themes
9 Territory and Boundaries
1 Introduction
1.1 Man, Space, and Borders
1.2 Communities, Territory, and Boundaries
2 Early Records of Territory and Boundary-Making
3 Disambiguation: Territory, Boundaries, Frontiers
4 Territory and the State
5 Territory and the Others
6 Title to Territory
6.1 General Aspects
6.2 Modes of Acquisition of Territory
7 The Changing Character of Boundaries and Frontiers
8 Dominion Over the Sea and its Seaward Limits
8.1 The Sea: Godly Domain or Legitimate Object of Human Aspirations?
8.2 Mare liberum contra mare clausum
9 Going Vertical: Appropriation and Division of Airspace
10 Spaces Beyond State Territory
11 Conclusion
Bibliography
10 Cosmopolis and Utopia
1 Introduction
2 The Quest of the Old Christian Commonwealth's Lost World
2.1 Pierre Dubois’ De Recuperatione Terre Sancte
2.2 George of Podébrady and his Plan for a Confederation of Christian Principalities
2.3 The ‘Great Design’ of the Duke of Sully
3 Emeric De Crucé, His Quest for a General Peace Mixed with the Promotion of a Freedom of Commerce: The New Cyneas
4 Around and Against the Utopian Plan of Castel de Saint Pierre
4.1 The Project for Making Peace Perpetual in Europe of the Abbé Castel de Saint-Pierre
4.2 Was Leibniz ever a Utopian?
5 The Quakers and the Quest for a ‘Godly Life’
6 Immanuel Kant and the Philosophical Approach: the Philosophical Essay on Perpetual Peace
7 Jeremy Bentham and his Plan for a Universal and Perpetual Peace (1786–89)
8 Conclusion: Was Utopia a Dead Idea after the First World War?
Bibliography
11 Peace and War
1 Introduction
2 Pacifism and the Rise of the Just War Doctrine
3 Positivism and the Decline of the Just War Doctrine
4 Total War and a New Just War Doctrine
5 Conclusion
Bibliography
12 Religion and Religious Intervention
1 Introduction
2 Secularization of International Law
3 International Relations between Actors of Different Faiths
4 Religion and War
4.1 Ius ad bellum Doctrine
4.2 Fight against Heretics and Infidels
4.3 Mission
4.4 Religious Intervention by Military Means
5 International Protection of Religion
6 Conclusion
Bibliography
13 The Protection of the Individual in Times of War and Peace
1 Introduction
2 The History of International Humanitarian Law (Law of War)
2.1 General Aspects
2.2 Specific Institutions
2.2.1 Lieber Code
2.2.2 First Geneva Convention of 1864 on the Wounded and Sick
2.2.3 Declaration of St Petersburg of 1868
2.2.4 Brussels Conference of 1874
2.2.5 Oxford Manual of 1880
2.2.6 Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907
2.2.7 Geneva Conventions of 1906 and 1929
2.2.8 Improving Humanitarian Protection
2.2.9 Geneva Conventions of 1949 and Evolutions since Then
3 The History of International Human Rights Law Before 1945
3.1 General Aspects
3.2 Specific Institutions
3.2.1 Rights of Nationality Option
3.2.2 Humanitarian Intervention
3.2.3 The Minimum Standard of Treatment of Aliens
3.2.4 Workers Protection through ILO
3.2.5 Protection of Minorities
3.2.6 Protection of the People of Mandated Territories
3.2.7 The Resolution of the Institut de Droit International of 1929
4 Conclusion
Bibliography
14 Trade, Chartered Companies, and Mercantile Associations
1 Grotius and the Dutch East India Company
2 Profit, Power, and Self-preservation
3 Chartered Companies in the History of Trade Organizations
4 Propriety—the Root Principle of Dutch Trade Expansion
5 From Dominium to Territorial Imperium
6 Conditions and Legal Structure of English Company Trade
7 European States and Company Objectives
8 Conclusion: Company Trade and Global Markets
Bibliography
15 The Sea
1 Introduction
2 History of the Law of the Sea: Chronology, Ideas, and Trends
2.1 Classical Antiquity
2.2 Middle Ages and Renaissance
2.3 ‘The Battle of the Books’: Grotius, Selden, and their Contemporaries
2.4 Mercantilism and Empire, Conflict and Codification (1700–1930)
3 Doctrinal Developments
4 Conclusion
Bibliography
III Regions
I Africa and Arabia
16 Africa North of the Sahara and Arab Countries
1 Introduction
2 North Africa in International Relations
2.1 The Strategic Location of North Africa in International Relations
2.2 The Legal Status of the Maghribi ‘State Entities’
3 The Theoretical and Doctrinal Foundations of the International Practices of the North African States
3.1 The Procedures
3.2 The Contribution of the Muslim Philosophers
4 Al-Siyar: Conduct in Time of War and Peace
4.1 The Notion of Jihad: ‘The Right to go to War’
4.2 The Law in War
5 Conduct in Time of Peace
5.1 The Status of ‘Dhimmi’
5.2 The Respect of the ‘Commitment’ or Al-Ahd
5.3 The ‘Aman’ Insurance
6 The Writing Practices of the Treaties
6.1 Commerce Treaties
6.2 Concession Treaties
6.3 Alliance Treaties
6.4 Surrender Clauses
7 Peace Treaties (Temporary Peace)
8 Conclusion
Bibliography
17 Africa
1 Introduction
2 Contributionists Rewriting International Legal History: Assailing Eurocentricity to Accommodate Africa
2.1 Rewriting International Legal History from an African Perspective
2.2 Sovereignty in Rewriting International Legal History
2.3 Some Concluding Remarks on the Contributionist Tradition
3 The Critical Tradition
3.1 On the History of the Discipline
3.2 On the Role of Sovereignty in the Critical Tradition
4 Conclusion
Bibliography
18 Ottoman Empire
1 Introduction
2 A Brief History of the Capitulations
3 Conclusion
Bibliography
II Asia
19 China
1 Introduction
2 Recognition of Space and Foreign Relations in Chinese Dynasties
2.1 Dezhi and Jiaohua
2.2 The Relationship between Dezhi/Jiaohua and the Frontier/Neighbouring Countries
2.3 Cefeng/Chaogong and Borders
2.4 Cefeng/Chaogong and Mutual Trade
2.5 The Canton System and Opium War
3 Translation and Teaching of International Law
3.1 The Situation Before the Opium War
3.2 Conclusion of Unequal Treaties
3.3 Martin's Wanguo Gongfa
3.4 Jingshi Tongwenguan and Teaching of the Wanguo Gongfa
3.5 The Knowledge of Wanguo Gongfa and Diplomacy in the Modern Period
3.6 Institut de Droit International and Martin's Presentation
4 Building of a Modern State and the Wanguo Gongfa
4.1 Qing's Double Standard in its Foreign Relations
4.2 The ‘Demarcation’ of National Borders and ‘China’ as a Sovereign State
4.3 Bianfa and Wanguo Gongfa
5 Conclusion
Bibliography
20 Japan
1 Introduction
2 International Legal Order in Pre-Modern Japan (15th Century to 1853)
2.1 Chinese World Order and Japan
2.1.1 Idea of China as Central Empire
2.1.2 Japan as Vassal Country
2.2 ‘Seclusion’ of Japan and ‘Four Gates’
2.2.1 ‘Seclusion’ of Japan
2.2.2 Theory of ‘Four Gates’
2.2.3 Ikoku and Iiki: Ezo and Ryukyu
2.2.4 ‘Regions of Correspondence’ and ‘Regions of Trade’
2.3 ‘Territory’ of Japan
2.3.1 Hanto and Kegai no chi
2.3.2 Ezo and Ryukyu
2.3.3 Four Complete Maps of Japan
2.3.4 Takeshima Ikken (The Affair of Takeshima/Ulleungdo/Dagelet)
3 The Formation of Japan as a ‘Modern State’ According to Modern European International Law
3.1 The ‘Opening’ of Japan
3.1.1 Latecomer
3.1.2 Reception of Modern European International Law
3.1.3 Modern European International Law and ‘Rule by Power’
3.2 State Territory of Japan
3.2.1 Border Delimitation
3.2.2 Hokkaido and Okinawa
3.2.3 Terra nullius and Inherent Territory
3.3 Treaty Revision
3.3.1 Iwakura Mission
3.3.2 Treaties Concluded by the Ryukyu Kingdom
4 Pseudo-Equality and New Orderin East Asia
4.1 Pseudo-equality
4.1.1 Japan as Great Power
4.1.2 ‘Universality’ and ‘Fairness’ of International Law: International Adjudication
4.2 ‘New Order’ in East Asia
5 Conclusion
Bibliography
21 India
1 Introduction
2 Principles of International Law Observed by the Princely States
3 Disappearance of British Common Law from International Law Practice of Independent India
4 The Doctrine of Equity, Justice, and Good Conscience
5 Treaties as a Source of Regional International Law
5.1 Sources of International Law in Pre-1945 India
5.2 Sources of International Law in Ancient India and their Influence on Post-Independence India
6 Concepts of International Law
6.1 Sovereignty
6.2 Recognition and Reciprocity
7 International Law Making through Treaties
8 Select Areas of International Law
8.1 Criminal Law
8.2 Religion and International Law
8.3 Human Rights
8.4 Cooperation among Princely States: A Prototype of Post-1945 International Organizations?
8.5 War and Peace
8.6 Trade, Commerce, and Economy
9 Executive and Judiciary Powers
10 Private International Law
11 Conclusion
Bibliography
III The Americas and The Caribbean
22 North America: American Exceptionalism in International Law
1 Introduction
2 The Law of Nations and the Common Law
3 The Law of Nations and American Independence
4 International Law and Utopia
Bibliography
23 Latin America
1 Introduction
2 Recognition of Belligerency
3 The Right of Diplomatic Asylum
4 American and Pan American Conferences
5 American International Law
6 Non-Intervention
7 Codification of International Law
8 Central American Court of Justice
9 Conclusion
Bibliography
24 The Caribbean
1 Introduction
2 Spanish Exploration, Claims to Title, and World View
2.1 Papal Bulls
2.2 Lines of Amity
2.3 Indigenous Peoples
2.4 Later Spanish Claims to Title and Repartimientos
3 Sugar Production and Slavery
3.1 The Spanish and Portuguese
3.2 The English, the French, and the Dutch
3.3 Wealth and Influence
3.4 The Beginnings of Abolition of the Slave Trade
3.5 Abolition of Slavery
4 Smugglers, Pirates, and Privateers
4.1 Early Contraband Traders
4.2 French Pirates and Privateers
4.3 Strong-armed Contraband Trading
4.4 English Piracy
4.5 English, French, and Dutch Privateering
4.6 The Decline of Privateering and Piracy
5 The Role of Chartered Trading Companies
6 Pivotal Revolutions in the Caribbean
6.1 The American Revolution
6.2 The Haitian Revolution
7 Conclusion
Bibliography
VI Europe
25 From the Late Middle Ages to the Peace of Westphalia
1 Introduction
2 Chronologies
3 Categories
4 Citations and Codes
5 Conclusion
Bibliography
26 From the Peace of Westphalia to the Congress of Vienna
1 Introduction
2 Inter-State Relations as the Basis of International Law
3 Impetus and Theme in International Law: War
3.1 The Right to Conduct War
3.2 War in Europe—War Overseas?
3.3 Types of War
3.4 Neutrality
3.5 The Laws of War
4 The Peace of Westphalia as a Turning Point in the History of International Law
4.1 The Mediator
4.2 The Peace Treaty
4.3 The Ottoman Empire
4.4 Congresses to Guard Peace
5 Diplomacy
6 International Law as an Academic Discipline
7 International Law in a New Age
7.1 The French Revolution and its Impact on International Law
7.2 The Congress of Vienna as a Turning Point in the History of International Law
8 Conclusion
Bibliography
27 From the Congress of Vienna to the Paris Peace Treaties of 1919
1 Introduction
2 Conceptual and Doctrinal Foundations and Changes; Expansion of International Law
2.1 Terms and Subjects
2.2 A Community of (European) States: Criteria, Inclusions, and Exclusions
2.3 Diplomacy and Congresses as Multipartite Political Instruments
2.4 Conferences
2.5 New and Expanding Fields of Regulation
2.6 International Organizations
3 Positivistic universalization of international law?
3.1 Sources: Treaties, Codification, and International Legislation
3.2 Which Positivism? Which Universalism?
3.3 Natural Law Lessons
4 Juridification
4.1 Disciplinary Shifts
4.2 Proximity and Distance to Politics
4.3 Flexible Legal Doctrines
4.4 International Judiciary and Arbitration
4.5 Leeway for Non-juridification
5 The rise of science and professionalization
6 Conclusion
Bibliography
28 From the Paris Peace Treaties to the End of the Second World War
1 Introduction
2 Concluding Peace
3 The League of Nations
4 International Law and the Era of Understanding
5 A Period of Decay: International Law and Politics in the 1930s
6 The Second World War
7 Conclusion
Bibliography
V Encounters
29 China–Europe
1 Introduction
2 China's Encounter with International Law
3 China's Treaty Revision Campaign and International Law
4 China's Involvement in International Organizations and International Law
4.1 The Hague Peace Conference
4.2 The League of Nations
4.3 The United Nations
5 Conclusion
Bibliography
30 Japan–Europe
1 Introduction
2 Before the ‘Encounter’: Japanese Traditional Ideas on ‘International Relations’ and ‘Law’
2.1 Japanese Idea of ‘International Relations’ before the ‘Encounter’
2.2 Japanese Idea of ‘Law’ before the ‘Encounter’
3 The ‘Encounter’ and the Japanese ‘Acceptance’ of the European Law of Nations
3.1 The ‘Encounter’
3.2 ‘Acceptance’
3.3 Utilization
3.4 Enthusiasm about International Law
4 After the ‘Encounter’
4.1 Until the First World War: Law Abidance
4.1.1 Participation in International Institutions
4.1.2 Japan and Wars
4.2 The Inter-war Period: Frustration
5 Conclusion
Bibliography
31 India–Europe
1 Introduction
2 The Pluriverses of ‘Public International Law’
3 Different ‘Histories’
4 Some Methodological Concerns
5 Re-situating the ‘TWAIL’ Project?
6 Different Itineraries
7 International Law of ‘Cosmopolitan’ Imperial Governance
8 Sourcing International Law
9 A Non-concluding Remark
Bibliography
32 Russia–Europe
1 Introduction
2 Russia and International Law until the Late 17th Century
2.1 Contacts with and Influences from Byzantium
2.2 Latin Europe: Contacts and Influences
3 Russia and International Law From the Late 17th Century Until 1917
3.1 Peter the Great: Giving up Muscovy's Isolation, Successfully Becoming ‘Part of Europe’
3.2 Russia's Role in International Law from the Early 18th Century until 1917: International Legal Practice
3.3 Russia's Role in International Law from the Early 18th Century until 1917: The Doctrine (Interpreted through the Lens of Yuri Lotman's Theory)
3.4 The Impact of Russia's October 1917 Revolution on International Law
4 Conclusion
Bibliography
33 North American Indigenous Peoples’ Encounters
1 Introduction
2 Indigenous Peoples in Contact with Europe
3 Indigenous Views of the Aboriginal-European Encounter
4 Key Elements in International Law Pertaining to Indigenous Peoples
5 Sovereign Partners
6 Laws of Domination
7 Indigenous Appeals to International Law
8 International Indigenous Law as a Political Force
9 Conclusion
Bibliography
IV Interaction or Imposition
34 Diplomacy
1 Introduction
1.1 Perimeters
1.2 Diplomacy: A Political Device
1.3 The Law of Diplomacy
1.4 Diplomacy: Its Legislative and Executive Branches
1.5 The Balancing of Interests
1.6 A Tradition of Secrecy and Elitism
2 The Rise of Modern Diplomacy
2.1 International Relations: Three Concepts
2.2 Resident Envoys and Sedentary Missions
2.3 The Institutional Framework
2.4 Privileges and Immunities
3 The Westphalian Experience
3.1 The States System
3.2 The Negotiation Process
4 Power Politics
4.1 Raison d’état
4.2 ‘Heroic’ Diplomacy
4.3 Préséance and Prestige
4.4 Professionalism on the Rise
4.5 The American and French Revolutions
5 The Concert of Europe
5.1 The Vienna Congress
5.2 The Vienna Règlement
5.3 Merchant Diplomacy
5.4 The Balance Questioned
5.5 The Supranational Order
5.6 The Erosion of a Culture
5.7 The Hague Peace Conferences
6 New Diplomacy and the League
6.1 The Incompatibility of the Old and New Order
6.2 The Inevitable Failure
6.3 Summit Diplomacy
7 The Codification of Custom
8 Conclusion
Bibliography
35 Discovery, Conquest, and Occupation of Territory
1 Introduction
2 Discovery
3 Conquest
4 Occupation
5 Conclusion
Bibliography
36 Colonialism and Domination
1 Introduction
2 Discovery and Conquest
3 Mercantile Colonialism
4 Settler Colonialism
5 Imperialism, Political Economy, and the Scramble for Africa
5.1 Formalities of Colonial Acquisition
5.2 Imperial Free Trade
6 Conclusion
Bibliography
37 Slavery
1 Introduction
2 The International Law Elements of Slavery
3 Before Anti-slavery and Abolitionism
3.1 Gradual Restriction of Enslavement
3.2 Prisoners of War as Slaves
3.3 African and American Slave Trade
3.4 Slavery and the Law of Nations
4 Abolition and International Law
4.1 Conflicts of Laws over Slavery
4.2 The Anti-slavery Movements
4.3 Mixed Commissions
4.4 The Amistad Case
5 A New Line: Civilization
6 International Law and Anti-slavery
6.1 The Slow Death of Slavery
6.2 The Scramble for Africa and the Brussels Act
6.3 After the First World War
7 Post-War
8 Conclusion
Bibliography
38 The Civilized and the Uncivilized
1 Introduction
2 The 16th and 17th Centuries of Christians and Non-Believing Barbarians
3 The Humanistic 18th Century and the Coining of Civilization
4 The 19th- and Early 20th-Century Civilizing Mission
4.1 The Declaration on the Abolition of the Slave Trade
4.2 Recognition of New States
4.3 Civilization Defined
4.4 The Berlin Act and the Blessings of Civilization
4.5 Civilized Nations in the Permanent Court of International Justice's Statute
5 20th-Century Reflections on the Power of Civilization
5.1 The Post-war Standard of Civilization
5.2 Three 1984 Books on Civilization and the History of International Law
6 Conclusion
Bibliography
V Methodology and Theory
39 A History of International Law Histories
1 Introduction
2 Ius Gentium as Historical Law
3 Natural-Law Histories
4 The Long 19th Century
5 Histories of International Law in the 20th and 21st Centuries
6 Conclusion
Bibliography
40 Doctrine versus State Practice
1 Introduction
2 Legal Doctrine and the Creation of State Practice
3 The Doctrinal Creation of a State Practice, which Doctrine cannot Decipher
4 Alternative Intellectual Frames for an Understanding of State Practice: From Liberal Desire to International Administrative Law
5 An Intellectual Framing of State Practice which Reintroduces the use of Right Reason
6 A Lebow-style Classical Greek Framing of State Practice in the Age of Absolutism
7 Legal Doctrine as a Critique of State Practice by the Standard of Right Reason in the Age of Absolutism
8 Conclusion
Bibliography
41 The Periodization of the History of International Law
1 Introduction
1.1 Historiography of International Law and Periodization
1.2 Interests and Values
2 Fundamental Questions
2.1 Core of Conventional Periodizations
2.2 Periods as Units
2.3 The ‘First’ Period
2.4 The ‘Last’ Period
2.5 Narrations of Progress
2.6 Denomination of Periods
3 Conclusion
Bibliography
42 The Reception of Ancient Legal Thought in Early Modern International Law
1 Introduction
2 From Roman to Early Modern Ius Gentium
2.1 Gaius and the Digest
2.2 Medieval Transformations of Ius Gentium
2.3 Ius Gentium in the Early Modern Understanding
3 The use of the Classical Tradition in Early Modern International Law Scholarship
3.1 Gentili
3.2 Grotius
3.3 Pufendorf and Wolff
4 Law of Nations: Just War, Sanctity of Envoys, and the Freedom of the High Seas
4.1 Just War
4.2 Sanctity of Envoys
4.3 Freedom of the High Seas
5 Roman Private Law Analogies
5.1 Pacta Sunt Servanda
5.2 Terra Nullius
5.3 Uti Possidetis
6 Conclusion
Bibliography
43 Eurocentrism in the History of International Law
1 Introduction
2 A Short Intellectual History of International Law and the Rise of Eurocentrism
3 Challenging the Western Origin and Nature of International Law, 1950s–1980s
3.1 Finding a European Origin after the Universalization of International Law
3.2 Disputing the European Origin to Universalize International Law
3.2.1 Universal Histories of International Law
3.2.2 International Law's Plural Histories
4 Exposing the Dark Sides: Histories of International Law in the Non-Western World, 1980s–2000s
5 Conclusion: Global Histories of International Law and the Problem of Eurocentrism Today
Bibliography
44 Identifying Regions in the History of International Law
1 Introduction
2 The Concept of Regional Law
3 Regions and the Early-modern Beginnings of International Law
4 Conceptualizing Regions—The Third World Response
5 Regions and Geopolitics: International Law and the Management of Space
6 Regions and Future Histories of International Law
7 Conclusions
Bibliography
VI People in Portrait
45 Muhammad al-Shaybānī (749/50–805)
1 Introduction
2 His Life and Legal Training
3 His Scholarship and Contribution to International Law
Bibliography
46 Francisco de Vitoria (1483–1546) and Francisco Suárez (1548–1617)
1 Introduction
2 Francisco de Vitoria
3 Francisco Suárez
Bibliography
47 Alberico Gentili (1552–1608)
1 Life and Teaching
2 Gentili and the History of International Law
3 Gentili and the Doctrine of War
Bibliography
48 Hugo Grotius (1583–1645)
Bibliography
49 Samuel Pufendorf (1632–1694)
Bibliography
50 Christian Wolff (1679–1754)
Bibliography
51 Cornelius van Bynkershoek (1673–1743)
1 Life and Work
2 Evaluation
Bibliography
52 Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778)
Bibliography
53 Emer de Vattel (1714–1767)
Bibliography
54 Immanuel Kant (1724–1804)
1 Brief Biography
2 Kant's Importance in the History Of International Law
3 Current Research Debates
Bibliography
55 Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770–1831)
1 International Law as ‘External State Law’
2 Against Universalism—and Particularism as Well
Bibliography
56 Henry Wheaton (1785–1848)
1 Introduction
2 Wheaton's Life and Career
3 Elements of International Law
Bibliography
57 Francis Lieber (1798–1872)
1 Life
1.1 Biography
1.2 Publications
2 Main Work: The Lieber Code
Bibliography
58 Bertha von Suttner (1843–1914)
1 Bertha von Suttner
2 Early Life
3 The International Peace Movement
4 Peace and Law
Bibliography
59 Friedrich Fromhold von Martens (Fyodor Fyodorovich Martens) (1845–1909)
1 Life and Work
2 Appraisal
Bibliography
60 Lassa Oppenheim (1858–1919)
Bibliography
61 Max Huber (1874–1960)
1 Introduction
2 Academic Life and Public Functions
3 Concept of International Law
3.1 State and State Society
3.2 Binding Force of International Law
3.3 International Integration
4 Conclusion
Bibliography
62 Georges Scelle (1878–1961)
1 Introduction
2 Academic Life and Public Functions
3 Concept of International Law
3.1 Objective and Positive Law
3.2 International Law and ‘Role Splitting’
4 Conclusion
Bibliography
63 Hans Kelsen (1881–1973)
Bibliography
64 Carl Schmitt (1888–1985)
Bibliography
65 Hersch Lauterpacht (1897–1960)
Bibliography
Further Material
Index
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Table of Cases
Edited By: Bardo Fassbender, Anne Peters
From:
The Oxford Handbook of the History of International Law
Edited By: Bardo Fassbender, Anne Peters
Content type:
Book content
Product:
Oxford Scholarly Authorities on International Law [OSAIL]
Series:
Oxford Handbooks in Law
Published in print:
01 October 2012
ISBN:
9780199599752
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