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- Preliminary Material
- Main Text
- Introduction: Towards A Global History Of International Law
- 1 ‘The Road Less Traveled by’
- 2 Overcoming Eurocentrism
- 3 Global History and the Contribution of the History of International Law
- 4 Events, Concepts, People: Three Modes of Writing History
- 5 The Linguistic Turn and Beyond
- 6 Lost in Translation?
- 7 About the Handbook's Place in the Historiography of International Law
- I Actors
- 1 Peoples and Nations
- 1 Introduction: Peoples’ Law and States’ Law
- 2 The Terminology of ‘Peoples’ and ‘Nations’
- 3 State Power and the Will of the People
- 4 Borders
- 5 Peoples and Nations in the History of International Law
- 6 Conclusion
- Bibliography
- 2 States: Rise and Decline of the Primary Subjects of the International Community
- 1 The Emergence of Modern States
- 2 Sovereign States are Coeval with the Birth of the International Society
- 3 European States as the Spine of the International Society in its Early Stages
- 4 Distinctive Features of Early International Society
- 5 The Loathed Evil: Rebels
- 6 Evolution of the Domestic Structure of States and of National Doctrines: their Ramifications for the International Society
- 7 Attempts by Small States to Restrain the Hegemony of Economically and Militarily Strong States
- 8 The Gradual Self-Limitation of Sovereign States
- 9 States’ Attempts to Set up Collective Bodies Designed to Manage Joint Interests
- 10 The Gradual Dethronement of States in Modern International Society
- 11 Conclusion
- Bibliography
- 3 Peace Treaties and the Formation of International Law
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Classical and Medieval Peace Treaties
- 3 Peacemaking from 1500 to 1920
- 4 Parties, Forms, and Safeguards
- 5 Perpetual and General Peace
- 6 Just and Formal War, Just and Formal Peace
- 7 The Expansion of European Peace Treaty Practice
- 8 The Transformation of PeaceTreaty Practice and Law after theFirst World War
- 9 Conclusion
- Bibliography
- 4 Minorities and Majorities
- 5 Hostes humani generis: Pirates, Slavers, and other Criminals
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Piracy
- 3 Slavers
- 4 Other Criminals
- 5 Conclusion
- Bibliography
- 6 International Arbitration and Courts
- 7 International Organizations: Between Technocracy and Democracy
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Historical Overview until the First World War
- 3 Causes and Motives
- 4 Aspects of Technicality, Technocracy, and Functionalism
- 5 Democratic Aspects
- 5.1 International Organizations and Non-State Actors: Civil Society and Business
- 5.2 The League of Nations and Democracy
- 5.3 Participation of ‘Stakeholders’
- 5.4 State Equality, Unanimity, and Majority Rule in International Organizations
- 5.5 The Autonomy of International Organizations and Democratic Deficits
- 6 Conclusions: the Imbrications of Technicality and Democracy
- Bibliography
- 8 Peace Movements, Civil Society, and the Development of International Law
- 1 Peoples and Nations
- II Themes
- 9 Territory and Boundaries
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Early Records of Territory and Boundary-Making
- 3 Disambiguation: Territory, Boundaries, Frontiers
- 4 Territory and the State
- 5 Territory and the Others
- 6 Title to Territory
- 7 The Changing Character of Boundaries and Frontiers
- 8 Dominion Over the Sea and its Seaward Limits
- 9 Going Vertical: Appropriation and Division of Airspace
- 10 Spaces Beyond State Territory
- 11 Conclusion
- Bibliography
- 10 Cosmopolis and Utopia
- 1 Introduction
- 2 The Quest of the Old Christian Commonwealth's Lost World
- 3 Emeric De Crucé, His Quest for a General Peace Mixed with the Promotion of a Freedom of Commerce: The New Cyneas
- 4 Around and Against the Utopian Plan of Castel de Saint Pierre
- 5 The Quakers and the Quest for a ‘Godly Life’
- 6 Immanuel Kant and the Philosophical Approach: the Philosophical Essay on Perpetual Peace
- 7 Jeremy Bentham and his Plan for a Universal and Perpetual Peace (1786–89)
- 8 Conclusion: Was Utopia a Dead Idea after the First World War?
- Bibliography
- 11 Peace and War
- 12 Religion and Religious Intervention
- 13 The Protection of the Individual in Times of War and Peace
- 1 Introduction
- 2 The History of International Humanitarian Law (Law of War)
- 2.1 General Aspects
- 2.2 Specific Institutions
- 2.2.1 Lieber Code
- 2.2.2 First Geneva Convention of 1864 on the Wounded and Sick
- 2.2.3 Declaration of St Petersburg of 1868
- 2.2.4 Brussels Conference of 1874
- 2.2.5 Oxford Manual of 1880
- 2.2.6 Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907
- 2.2.7 Geneva Conventions of 1906 and 1929
- 2.2.8 Improving Humanitarian Protection
- 2.2.9 Geneva Conventions of 1949 and Evolutions since Then
- 3 The History of International Human Rights Law Before 1945
- 3.1 General Aspects
- 3.2 Specific Institutions
- 3.2.1 Rights of Nationality Option
- 3.2.2 Humanitarian Intervention
- 3.2.3 The Minimum Standard of Treatment of Aliens
- 3.2.4 Workers Protection through ILO
- 3.2.5 Protection of Minorities
- 3.2.6 Protection of the People of Mandated Territories
- 3.2.7 The Resolution of the Institut de Droit International of 1929
- 4 Conclusion
- Bibliography
- 14 Trade, Chartered Companies, and Mercantile Associations
- 1 Grotius and the Dutch East India Company
- 2 Profit, Power, and Self-preservation
- 3 Chartered Companies in the History of Trade Organizations
- 4 Propriety—the Root Principle of Dutch Trade Expansion
- 5 From Dominium to Territorial Imperium
- 6 Conditions and Legal Structure of English Company Trade
- 7 European States and Company Objectives
- 8 Conclusion: Company Trade and Global Markets
- Bibliography
- 15 The Sea
- 9 Territory and Boundaries
- III Regions
- I Africa and Arabia
- 16 Africa North of the Sahara and Arab Countries
- 1 Introduction
- 2 North Africa in International Relations
- 3 The Theoretical and Doctrinal Foundations of the International Practices of the North African States
- 4 Al-Siyar: Conduct in Time of War and Peace
- 5 Conduct in Time of Peace
- 6 The Writing Practices of the Treaties
- 7 Peace Treaties (Temporary Peace)
- 8 Conclusion
- Bibliography
- 17 Africa
- 18 Ottoman Empire
- 16 Africa North of the Sahara and Arab Countries
- II Asia
- 19 China
- 20 Japan
- 1 Introduction
- 2 International Legal Order in Pre-Modern Japan (15th Century to 1853)
- 3 The Formation of Japan as a ‘Modern State’ According to Modern European International Law
- 4 Pseudo-Equality and New Orderin East Asia
- 5 Conclusion
- Bibliography
- 21 India
- 1 Introduction
- 3 Disappearance of British Common Law from International Law Practice of Independent India
- 4 The Doctrine of Equity, Justice, and Good Conscience
- 5 Treaties as a Source of Regional International Law
- 6 Concepts of International Law
- 7 International Law Making through Treaties
- 8 Select Areas of International Law
- 9 Executive and Judiciary Powers
- 10 Private International Law
- 11 Conclusion
- Bibliography
- III The Americas and The Caribbean
- 22 North America: American Exceptionalism in International Law
- 23 Latin America
- 24 The Caribbean
- VI Europe
- 25 From the Late Middle Ages to the Peace of Westphalia
- 26 From the Peace of Westphalia to the Congress of Vienna
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Inter-State Relations as the Basis of International Law
- 3 Impetus and Theme in International Law: War
- 4 The Peace of Westphalia as a Turning Point in the History of International Law
- 5 Diplomacy
- 6 International Law as an Academic Discipline
- 7 International Law in a New Age
- 8 Conclusion
- Bibliography
- 27 From the Congress of Vienna to the Paris Peace Treaties of 1919
- 28 From the Paris Peace Treaties to the End of the Second World War
- V Encounters
- 29 China–Europe
- 30 Japan–Europe
- 31 India–Europe
- 32 Russia–Europe
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Russia and International Law until the Late 17th Century
- 3 Russia and International Law From the Late 17th Century Until 1917
- 3.1 Peter the Great: Giving up Muscovy's Isolation, Successfully Becoming ‘Part of Europe’
- 3.2 Russia's Role in International Law from the Early 18th Century until 1917: International Legal Practice
- 3.3 Russia's Role in International Law from the Early 18th Century until 1917: The Doctrine (Interpreted through the Lens of Yuri Lotman's Theory)
- 3.4 The Impact of Russia's October 1917 Revolution on International Law
- 4 Conclusion
- Bibliography
- 33 North American Indigenous Peoples’ Encounters
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Indigenous Peoples in Contact with Europe
- 3 Indigenous Views of the Aboriginal-European Encounter
- 4 Key Elements in International Law Pertaining to Indigenous Peoples
- 5 Sovereign Partners
- 6 Laws of Domination
- 7 Indigenous Appeals to International Law
- 8 International Indigenous Law as a Political Force
- 9 Conclusion
- Bibliography
- I Africa and Arabia
- IV Interaction or Imposition
- 34 Diplomacy
- 35 Discovery, Conquest, and Occupation of Territory
- 36 Colonialism and Domination
- 37 Slavery
- 38 The Civilized and the Uncivilized
- V Methodology and Theory
- 39 A History of International Law Histories
- 40 Doctrine versus State Practice
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Legal Doctrine and the Creation of State Practice
- 3 The Doctrinal Creation of a State Practice, which Doctrine cannot Decipher
- 4 Alternative Intellectual Frames for an Understanding of State Practice: From Liberal Desire to International Administrative Law
- 5 An Intellectual Framing of State Practice which Reintroduces the use of Right Reason
- 6 A Lebow-style Classical Greek Framing of State Practice in the Age of Absolutism
- 7 Legal Doctrine as a Critique of State Practice by the Standard of Right Reason in the Age of Absolutism
- 8 Conclusion
- Bibliography
- 41 The Periodization of the History of International Law
- 42 The Reception of Ancient Legal Thought in Early Modern International Law
- 43 Eurocentrism in the History of International Law
- 1 Introduction
- 2 A Short Intellectual History of International Law and the Rise of Eurocentrism
- 3 Challenging the Western Origin and Nature of International Law, 1950s–1980s
- 4 Exposing the Dark Sides: Histories of International Law in the Non-Western World, 1980s–2000s
- 5 Conclusion: Global Histories of International Law and the Problem of Eurocentrism Today
- Bibliography
- 44 Identifying Regions in the History of International Law
- 1 Introduction
- 2 The Concept of Regional Law
- 3 Regions and the Early-modern Beginnings of International Law
- 4 Conceptualizing Regions—The Third World Response
- 5 Regions and Geopolitics: International Law and the Management of Space
- 6 Regions and Future Histories of International Law
- 7 Conclusions
- Bibliography
- VI People in Portrait
- 45 Muhammad al-Shaybānī (749/50–805)
- 46 Francisco de Vitoria (1483–1546) and Francisco Suárez (1548–1617)
- 47 Alberico Gentili (1552–1608)
- 48 Hugo Grotius (1583–1645)
- 49 Samuel Pufendorf (1632–1694)
- 50 Christian Wolff (1679–1754)
- 51 Cornelius van Bynkershoek (1673–1743)
- 52 Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778)
- 53 Emer de Vattel (1714–1767)
- 54 Immanuel Kant (1724–1804)
- 55 Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770–1831)
- 56 Henry Wheaton (1785–1848)
- 57 Francis Lieber (1798–1872)
- 58 Bertha von Suttner (1843–1914)
- 59 Friedrich Fromhold von Martens (Fyodor Fyodorovich Martens) (1845–1909)
- 60 Lassa Oppenheim (1858–1919)
- 61 Max Huber (1874–1960)
- 62 Georges Scelle (1878–1961)
- 63 Hans Kelsen (1881–1973)
- 64 Carl Schmitt (1888–1985)
- 65 Hersch Lauterpacht (1897–1960)
- Introduction: Towards A Global History Of International Law
- Further Material
- [34.225.194.102]
- 34.225.194.102
