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Oxford Law Citator
Contents
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Preliminary Material
Acknowledgements
Contents
Table of Cases
International
Eritrea–Ethiopia Claims Commission
Inter-American Court of Human Rights
International Court of Justice
Domestic
Switzerland
United Kingdom
United States
Table of Legislation
International
National
Japan
United Kingdom
United States
Main Text
Introduction
Preliminary Material
The Development of Nuclear Weapons
Nuclear Fission
The Manhattan Project
The Use of Nuclear Weapons
The Bombing of Hiroshima
The Bombing of Nagasaki
Post-Second World War Nuclear Weapons Development
The Nuclear-armed States
Russia
The United States
China
France
The United Kingdom
Pakistan
India
Israel
The DPRK
Other Nuclear Weapons Development Programmes
Sweden
South Africa
Libya
Argentina
Brazil
Algeria
The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
Iraq
Syria
The Republic of Korea
Japan
Iran
Saudi Arabia
Nuclear Deterrence
The International Legal Regime
The 1959 Antarctic Treaty
The 1963 Partial Test Ban Treaty
The 1966 Outer Space Treaty
The 1968 Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
The 1971 Seabed Arms Treaty
The 1987 Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty
The START Treaties
START I and New START
START II
START III
The 1996 Comprehensive Test-Ban Treaty
Regional Nuclear-Weapons-Free Zones
Treaty of Tlatelolco
Treaty of Rarotonga
Treaty of Bangkok
Treaty of Pelindaba
Treaty of Semipalatinsk
The Humanitarian Initiative
The Negotiation of the 2017 Treaty
The First Session of the Diplomatic Conference
The First Draft of the Convention
The Second Session of the Diplomatic Conference
The Adoption of the Treaty
The Reaction to the Adoption of the 2017 Treaty
The 2017 Treaty and Customary International Law
Usus
Opinio Juris
Persistent Objector Status
The Overlap between Treaty and Custom
Concluding Remarks
The Title of the Treaty
Preliminary Material
Overview
0.01
Negotiations
0.02
0.03
0.04
Commentary
The Definition of a Treaty
0.05
The Importance of the Title
0.06
0.07
A Departure from Practice in Other Global Disarmament Treaties
0.08
0.09
The Preamble
Preliminary Material
Overview
0.10
0.11
Negotiations
0.12
0.13
Commentary
‘The States Parties to this Treaty’
0.14
0.15
0.16
Preambular Paragraph 1: Contributing to the Purposes and Principles of the United Nations Charter
Negotiation of the Paragraph
0.17
Commentary
0.18
0.19
0.20
Preambular Paragraph 2: The Humanitarian Consequences of Use of Nuclear Weapons and the Need for Their Elimination
Negotiation of the Paragraph
0.21
Commentary
The Humanitarian Consequences
0.22
0.23
0.24
0.25
The Need for the Complete Elimination of Nuclear Weapons
0.26
0.27
Preambular Paragraph 3: The Risks of the Continued Existence of Nuclear Weapons
Negotiation of the Paragraph
0.28
Commentary
0.29
Risks from the Existence of Nuclear Weapons
0.30
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34
0.35
The Responsibility of All States to Prevent Any Use of Nuclear Weapons
0.36
Preambular Paragraph 4: The Catastrophic Consequences of Nuclear Weapons
Negotiation of the Paragraph
0.37
0.38
Commentary
0.39
The Impossibility of Adequately Addressing the Consequences of Nuclear Weapon Use
0.40
0.41
The Consequences of Nuclear Weapon Use Would Transcend National Borders
0.42
0.43
0.44
The Humanitarian, Developmental, and Environmental Consequences of Nuclear Weapon Use
0.45
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49
0.50
0.51
Preambular Paragraph 5: The Ethical Imperatives for Nuclear Disarmament
Negotiation of the Paragraph
0.52
Commentary
The Ethical Imperatives for Nuclear Disarmament
0.53
0.54
The Urgency of a Nuclear Weapon-Free World
0.55
A Nuclear Weapon-Free World as a Global Public Good
0.56
0.57
0.58
0.59
Preambular Paragraph 6: The Suffering of the Victims of Nuclear Weapon Use and Testing
Negotiation of the Paragraph
0.60
Commentary
The Suffering of the Hibakusha
0.61
0.62
0.63
The Suffering of Those Affected by the Testing of Nuclear Weapons
0.64
0.65
0.66
Preambular Paragraph 7: The Suffering of Indigenous Peoples from Nuclear Testing
Negotiation of the Paragraph
0.67
Commentary
Nuclear-Weapon Activities
0.68
The Disproportionate Impact on Indigenous Peoples
0.69
0.70
0.71
0.72
Preambular Paragraph 8: The Need for States to Comply with International Law
Negotiation of the Paragraph
0.73
0.74
Commentary
The Need for States to Comply with International Law
0.75
0.76
0.77
0.78
International Humanitarian Law
0.79
International Human Rights Law
0.80
Preambular Paragraph 9: The Principles and Rules of International Humanitarian Law
Negotiation of the Paragraph
0.81
0.82
Commentary
The Principles and Rules of International Humanitarian Law
0.83
0.84
The Right to Choose Methods or Means of Warfare Is Not Unlimited
0.85
0.86
The Rule of Distinction in Attack
0.87
0.88
0.89
The Prohibition ‘Against’ Indiscriminate Attacks
0.90
0.91
0.92
The Rule on Proportionality in Attack
0.93
0.94
The Rule on Precautions in Attack
0.95
0.96
The Prohibition on Weapons of a Nature to Cause Unnecessary Suffering
0.97
0.98
The Rules for the Protection of the Natural Environment
0.99
0.100
0.101
0.102
0.103
0.104
‘Basing Themselves On’
0.105
Preambular Paragraph 10: Use of Nuclear Weapons Would Violate International Humanitarian Law
Negotiation of the Paragraph
0.106
Commentary
Any Use of Nuclear Weapons Would Violate International Humanitarian Law
0.107
0.108
Use of Nuclear Weapons outside a Situation of Armed Conflict
0.109
Preambular Paragraph 11: Use of Nuclear Weapons Would Be Abhorrent to the Principles of Humanity and the Dictates of Public Conscience
Negotiation of the Paragraph
0.110
0.111
Commentary
Any Use of Nuclear Weapons Would Be Abhorrent to the Principles of Humanity
0.112
Any Use of Nuclear Weapons Would Be Abhorrent to the Dictates of Public Conscience
0.113
0.114
0.115
Preambular Paragraph 12: The UN Charter Prohibition of the Threat or Use of Force and the Least Diversion of Resources for Armaments
Negotiation of the Paragraph
0.116
Commentary
The UN Charter Prohibition of the Threat or Use of Force
0.117
0.118
0.119
The UN Charter Call for the Least Diversion of Resources for Armaments
0.120
0.121
Preambular Paragraph 13: Calls by the UN General Assembly for the Elimination of Nuclear Weapons
Negotiation of the Paragraph
0.122
Commentary
The First Resolution of the UN General Assembly
0.123
0.124
0.125
0.126
Subsequent UN General Assembly Resolutions Calling for the Elimination of Nuclear Weapons
0.127
0.128
0.129
0.130
Preambular Paragraph 14: Concern about the Slow Pace of Nuclear Disarmament and Waste of Resources on Nuclear Weapons
Negotiation of the Paragraph
0.131
Commentary
The Slow Pace of Nuclear Disarmament
0.132
Continued Reliance on Nuclear Weapons in Military and Security Doctrines and Policies
0.133
0.134
The Waste of Resources on Nuclear Weapons Programmes
0.135
0.136
Preambular Paragraph 15: The Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons as a Contribution to a World Free of Nuclear Weapons
Negotiation of the Paragraph
0.137
0.138
Commentary
A Legally Binding Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons
0.139
A Contribution towards a World Free of Nuclear Weapons
0.140
Preambular Paragraph 16: Progress towards General and Complete Disarmament
Negotiation of the Paragraph
0.141
Commentary
0.142
Preambular Paragraph 17: The Obligation of Nuclear Disarmament
Negotiation of the Paragraph
0.143
Commentary
0.144
Preambular Paragraph 18: The NPT as the Cornerstone of the Nuclear Disarmament and Non-Proliferation Regime
Negotiation of the Paragraph
0.145
Commentary
0.146
0.147
0.148
0.149
0.150
0.151
Preambular Paragraph 19: The Vital Importance of the CTBT
Negotiation of the Paragraph
0.152
Commentary
0.153
0.154
0.155
Preambular Paragraph 20: The Contribution of Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zones to Nuclear Disarmament
Negotiation of the Paragraph
0.156
0.157
Commentary
0.158
0.159
0.160
0.161
0.162
Preambular Paragraph 21: The Right to Peaceful Use of Nuclear Energy
Negotiation of the Paragraph
0.163
Commentary
0.164
0.165
0.166
0.167
0.168
0.169
Preambular Paragraph 22: The Participation of Women in Nuclear Disarmament
Negotiation of the Paragraph
0.170
Commentary
0.171
0.172
Preambular Paragraph 23: Peace and Disarmament Education and Dissemination of the Principles and Norms of the Treaty
Negotiation of the Paragraph
0.173
Commentary
0.174
Preambular Paragraph 24: The Role of Public Conscience in Furthering the Principles of Humanity
Negotiation of the Paragraph
0.175
Commentary
0.176
0.177
0.178
The Articles of the Treaty
Article 1: Prohibitions
Preliminary Material
Overview
1.01
Negotiations
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
Commentary
The Undertaking ‘Never Under Any Circumstances’
1.08
1.09
The Definition of Nuclear Weapons
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
The Definition of Other Nuclear Explosive Devices
1.14
1.15
1.16
The Prohibition on Development
Negotiations
1.17
Commentary
1.18
1.19
Fissile Material
1.20
1.21
1.22
Warhead
1.23
1.24
Delivery Systems
1.25
1.26
The Prohibitions on Production and Manufacture
Negotiations
1.27
Commentary
1.28
1.29
The Prohibition on Acquisition
Negotiations
1.30
Commentary
1.31
1.32
The Prohibitions on Possession and Stockpiling
Negotiations
1.33
Commentary
1.34
1.35
The Prohibitions on Testing
Negotiations
1.36
Commentary
1.37
1.38
1.39
1.40
1.41
1.42
The Prohibitions on Transferring to Any Recipient
Negotiations
1.43
Commentary
The Subject of the Undertaking
1.44
The Meaning of ‘Transfer’
1.45
Transfer Directly
1.46
Transfer Indirectly
1.47
1.48
1.49
Transfer Control Directly or Indirectly
1.50
To Any Recipient Whatsoever
1.51
The Prohibitions on Seeking Transfer or Control
Negotiations
1.52
Commentary
The Subject of the Undertaking
1.53
The Meaning of ‘Transfer’
1.54
Receive the Transfer Directly
1.55
Receive the Transfer Indirectly
1.56
1.57
Receive the Transfer from Any Transferor Whatsoever
1.58
Receive Control Directly
1.59
Receive Control Indirectly
1.60
The Prohibition on Use
Negotiations
1.61
1.62
Commentary
The Definition of Use
1.63
1.64
1.65
1.66
The Prohibition on Use
1.67
1.68
1.69
1.70
1.71
The Distinction between Use and Testing
1.72
1.73
Detonations of Nuclear Explosive Devices for ‘Peaceful Purposes’
1.74
1.75
The Prohibition on Threatening to Use
Negotiations
1.76
Commentary
The Definition of ‘Threaten to Use’
1.77
1.78
1.79
1.80
1.81
1.82
The Prohibition on Threatening to Use
1.83
1.84
1.85
1.86
1.87
The Prohibitions on Assisting, Encouraging, or Inducing Prohibited Activities
Introduction
1.88
1.89
Negotiations
1.90
Commentary
1.91
1.92
The Scope of the Term ‘In Any Way’
1.93
The Scope of the Term ‘Anyone’
1.94
Any Activity Prohibited to a State Party under the 2017 Treaty
1.95
The Prohibition on Assistance
Assistance under the Law of State Responsibility
1.96
The Requisite Intent
1.97
1.98
Activities Amounting to Prohibited Assistance
1.99
1.100
1.101
1.102
1.103
The Prohibition on Encouragement
1.104
1.105
1.106
1.107
1.108
1.109
1.110
1.111
1.112
1.113
1.114
The Prohibition on Inducement
1.115
1.116
Investment and Financing
1.117
1.118
The Prohibitions on Seeking or Receiving Assistance in Prohibited Activities
Negotiations
1.119
1.120
Commentary
1.121
1.122
1.123
The Forms of Prohibited Assistance
1.124
The Scope of the Term ‘In Any Way’
1.125
The Scope of the Term ‘Anyone’
1.126
The Seeking of Assistance
1.127
The Receiving of Assistance
1.128
1.129
1.130
The Prohibitions on Allowing Stationing, Installation, or Deployment
1.131
1.132
1.133
‘Allowing’
1.134
1.135
Stationing
1.136
1.137
Installation
1.138
Deployment
1.139
‘In Its Territory’
1.140
‘At Any Place under its Jurisdiction or Control’
1.141
1.142
Article 1 and the Obligation to Destroy
1.143
1.144
Article 2: Declarations
Preliminary Material
Overview
2.01
Negotiations
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
Commentary
2.08
2.09
Paragraph 1
2.10
Subparagraph (a)
2.11
2.12
Subparagraph (b)
2.13
Subparagraph (c)
2.14
Paragraph 2
2.15
Article 3: Safeguards
Preliminary Material
Overview
3.01
Negotiations
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05
3.06
Scope of the Provision
3.07
Paragraph 1
3.08
IAEA Safeguards Agreements
3.09
3.10
3.11
3.12
3.13
IAEA Additional Protocol
3.14
3.15
3.16
3.17
Paragraph 2
3.18
3.19
3.20
Article 4: Towards the Total Elimination of Nuclear Weapons
Preliminary Material
Overview
4.01
4.02
4.03
Negotiations
4.04
4.05
4.06
4.07
4.08
4.09
Commentary
4.10
4.11
4.12
4.13
Paragraph 1
4.14
4.15
4.16
4.17
4.18
4.19
4.20
Paragraph 2
4.21
4.22
4.23
4.24
4.25
4.26
4.27
4.28
4.29
Paragraph 3
4.30
4.31
4.32
Paragraph 4
4.33
4.34
4.35
Paragraph 5
4.36
Paragraph 6
4.37
4.38
Article 5: National Implementation
Preliminary Material
Overview
5.01
Negotiations
5.02
5.03
5.04
Commentary
Paragraph 1
5.05
5.06
Paragraph 2
5.07
‘Appropriate’ Measures
5.08
Legal Measures
5.09
Administrative and Other Measures
5.10
Types of Jurisdiction
5.11
‘Persons’
5.12
5.13
Extraterritoriality
5.14
On Territory under a State Party’s Jurisdiction or Control
5.15
5.16
Article 6: Victim Assistance and Environmental Remediation
Preliminary Material
Overview
6.01
Negotiations
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05
6.06
6.07
Commentary
Paragraph 1
The Nature of the Obligation
6.08
6.09
The Recipients of Assistance
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
‘Treating’ Radiation Sickness
6.16
6.17
6.18
Applicable International Humanitarian Law
6.19
6.20
Applicable International Human Rights Law
6.21
6.22
6.23
6.24
Age- and Gender-Sensitive Assistance
6.25
Non-Discriminatory Assistance
6.26
Forms of Assistance
6.27
6.28
Paragraph 2
6.29
6.30
6.31
6.32
Paragraph 3
6.33
6.34
6.35
6.36
6.37
6.38
Article 7: International Cooperation and Assistance
Preliminary Material
Overview
7.01
Negotiations
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
7.06
Commentary
Paragraph 1
7.07
7.08
7.09
7.10
Paragraph 2
7.11
7.12
7.13
7.14
Paragraph 3
7.15
Paragraph 4
7.16
7.17
Paragraph 5
7.18
Paragraph 6
7.19
7.20
Article 8: Meeting of States Parties
Preliminary Material
Overview
8.01
8.02
Negotiations
8.03
8.04
Commentary
Paragraph 1
8.05
8.06
8.07
Paragraph 2
8.08
8.09
Paragraph 3
8.10
8.11
Paragraph 4
8.12
Paragraph 5
8.13
Article 9: Costs
Preliminary Material
Negotiations
9.01
9.02
Commentary
Paragraph 1
9.03
Paragraph 2
9.04
Paragraph 3
9.05
Article 10: Amendments
Preliminary Material
Negotiations
10.01
10.02
10.03
Commentary
Paragraph 1
10.04
10.05
Paragraph 2
10.06
Paragraph 3
10.07
Article 11: Dispute Settlement
Preliminary Material
Negotiations
11.01
11.02
Commentary
11.03
Paragraph 1
11.04
11.05
11.06
Paragraph 2
11.07
Article 12: Universality
Preliminary Material
Negotiations
12.01
Commentary
12.02
Article 13: Signature
Preliminary Material
Negotiations
13.01
13.02
Commentary
13.03
13.04
Article 14: Ratification, Acceptance, Approval, or Accession
Preliminary Material
Negotiations
14.01
Commentary
14.02
14.03
14.04
Article 15: Entry into Force
Preliminary Material
Negotiations
15.01
Commentary
15.02
15.03
Article 16: Reservations
Preliminary Material
Negotiations
16.01
Commentary
16.02
16.03
16.04
16.05
16.06
Article 17: Duration and Withdrawal
Preliminary Material
Overview
17.01
Negotiations
17.02
17.03
17.04
17.05
Commentary
Paragraph 1
17.06
Paragraph 2
17.07
17.08
17.09
Paragraph 3
17.10
17.11
17.12
Article 18: Relationship with Other Agreements
Preliminary Material
Overview
18.01
18.02
Negotiations
18.03
18.04
18.05
18.06
18.07
Commentary
18.08
18.09
18.10
18.11
18.12
18.13
18.14
Article 19: Depositary
Preliminary Material
Negotiations
19.01
Commentary
19.02
19.03
19.04
Article 20: Authentic Texts
Preliminary Material
Negotiations
20.01
Commentary
20.02
20.03
The Date and Place of Adoption of the Treaty
Preliminary Material
Commentary
21.01
21.02
Further Material
Index
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The Articles of the Treaty, Article 12: Universality
From:
The Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons: A Commentary
Stuart Casey-Maslen
Content type:
Book content
Product:
Oxford Scholarly Authorities on International Law [OSAIL]
Series:
Oxford Commentaries on International Law
Published in print:
05 February 2019
ISBN:
9780198830368
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