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Contents
- Preliminary Material
- Main Text
- 1 Introduction
- 2 The Evolution of the Law of Weaponry
- 2.1 Introduction
- 2.2 The Earliest Rules
- 2.3 Lieber Code
- 2.4 St Petersburg Declaration 1868
- 2.5 Brussels Declaration 1874 and Oxford Manual 1880
- 2.6 Hague Peace Conference 1899
- 2.7 Hague Peace Conference 1907 and the Martens Clause
- 2.8 Early Air Warfare Legal Texts
- 2.9 1925 Geneva Gas Protocol
- 2.10 Environmental Modification Convention 1976 and Additional Protocol 1
- 2.11 Conventional Weapons Convention 1980
- 2.12 Ottawa Convention 1997
- 2.13 International Criminal Court
- 2.14 Non-International Armed Conflicts
- 3 Components of the International Law of Weaponry
- 4 The Use of Weapons and the Law of Targeting
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.2 Targeting Rules under AP1
- 4.2.1 The Basic Principle
- 4.2.2 Some Definitions
- 4.2.3 Protection of the Civilian Population
- 4.2.4 Indiscriminate Attacks
- 4.2.5 Human Shields and Precautions against the Effects of Attacks
- 4.2.6 Military Objectives and the Protection of Civilian Objects
- 4.2.7 Protection of Cultural Objects and Places of Worship
- 4.2.8 Protection of Objects Indispensable to the Survival of the Civilian Population
- 4.2.9 Natural Environment
- 4.2.10 Protection of Works and Installations Containing Dangerous Forces
- 4.2.11 Precautions in Attack
- 4.2.12 Non-Defended Localities and Demilitarized Zones
- 4.3 Customary Law Relating to Targeting
- 4.4 Reprisals
- 4.5 Reprisals in Relation to Weapons Use
- 5 Customary Principles—Superfluous Injury and Unnecessary Suffering
- 6 Customary Principles—Indiscriminate Weapons
- 7 Weapons and the Environment
- 7.1 Introduction
- 7.2 The Position before 1976
- 7.3 ENMOD
- 7.4 Articles 35 and 55 of AP1
- 7.5 Environmental Concerns and the Gulf War 1990–1
- 7.6 AP1 Environmental Rules and Nuclear Weapons
- 7.7 Reprisals
- 7.8 ICRC Guidelines for Military Manuals
- 7.9 ICRC Customary Law Study
- 7.10 Peacetime Environmental Law in Armed Conflict
- 7.11 Conclusion
- 8 Conventional Weapons Convention
- 9 Poison, Poisoned Weapons, Asphyxiating Gases, Biological and Chemical Weapons
- 9.1 Poison and Poisoned Weapons
- 9.2 Asphyxiating Gas
- 9.3 Bacteriological and Biological Weapons
- 9.4 Chemical Weapons
- 9.4.1 Objectives of the Chemical Weapons Convention
- 9.4.2 General Obligations
- 9.4.3 Scheme of the Convention
- 9.4.4 Riot Control Agents under the CWC
- 9.4.5 Participation in the Convention
- 9.4.6 Status of the Rule in Customary Law
- 9.4.7 The Rule’s Status in Non-International Armed Conflict
- 9.4.8 Human Enhancement Technologies
- 9.4.9 Human Degradation Technologies
- 9.4.10 Biotechnology, Synthetic Biology and Weapons
- 9.4.11 Compliance
- 10 Firearms, Bullets, and Analogous Projectiles
- 11 Mines, Booby-Traps, and Other Devices
- 11.1 Introduction
- 11.2 Mines, Booby-Traps, and Other Devices under Protocol II
- 11.2.1 Definitions
- 11.2.2 General Restrictions on Use
- 11.2.3 Restrictions on Using Mines Other than Remotely Delivered Mines, Booby-Traps, and Other Devices in Populated Areas
- 11.2.4 Restrictions on Use of Remotely Delivered Mines
- 11.2.5 Prohibition of the Use of Certain Booby-Traps
- 11.2.6 Recording and Publication Obligations
- 11.2.7 Protection of UN Forces and Missions
- 11.3 Amended Protocol II
- 11.3.1 Scope of Application
- 11.3.2 Definitions
- 11.3.3 General Restrictions
- 11.3.4 Addressing Mine Clearance Dangers
- 11.3.5 Other General Restrictions
- 11.3.6 Restrictions on Use of Anti-Personnel Mines
- 11.3.7 Restrictions on Non-Remotely Delivered Anti-Personnel Landmines
- 11.3.8 Restrictions on Use of Remotely Delivered Mines
- 11.3.9 Prohibitions on Use of Booby-Traps and Other Devices
- 11.3.10 Other Provisions of APII
- 11.3.11 Warning Signs
- 11.4 Participation in the Protocols
- 11.5 Customary Law Rules
- 11.6 Compliance
- 11.7 Anti-Personnel Landmines and the Ottawa Convention
- 11.8 Participation in the Ottawa Convention
- 11.9 Mines Other than Anti-Personnel Mines
- 11.10 General Compliance
- 12 Rules Relating to Other Specific Technologies
- 13 Nuclear Weapons
- 14 Applying Weapons Law to Particular Weapon Systems
- 14.1 Introduction
- 14.2 Missiles, Bombs, and Artillery
- 14.3 Blast Weapons
- 14.4 Lasers and Directed Energy Weapons
- 14.5 Herbicides
- 14.6 Flechettes
- 14.7 Depleted Uranium
- 14.8 White Phosphorus
- 14.9 Non-Lethal Weapons
- 14.10 Cyber Weapons
- 14.11 Remotely Controlled Weapon Systems
- 14.12 Automated and Autonomous Weapons: The Technologies
- 14.13 Automated and Autonomous Weapons: Applying the Law
- 14.14 Electromagnetic Microwave Counter-IED Weapons
- 14.15 Nanotechnology
- 14.16 Metamaterials
- 14.17 Conclusion
- 15 Cluster Munitions
- 15.1 Introduction
- 15.2 The Nature and Use of Cluster Munitions
- 15.3 Cluster Munitions and the CCW
- 15.4 Other Developments
- 15.5 The Oslo Process
- 15.6 The Convention on Cluster Munitions
- 15.7 Destruction of Cluster Munitions
- 15.8 Victim Assistance, Transparency, and Compliance
- 15.9 Interoperability
- 15.10 Conclusion
- 16 Maritime and Outer Space Weapons
- 17 Unexploded and Abandoned Weapons
- 17.1 Introduction
- 17.2 The Explosive Remnants of War Problem
- 17.3 Protocol V to the CCW
- 17.3.1 Scope of Application
- 17.3.2 Definitions
- 17.3.3 Clearance, Removal, or Destruction of ERW
- 17.3.4 Recording, Retaining, and Transmitting Information
- 17.3.5 Other Precautions
- 17.3.6 Protection of Humanitarian Missions
- 17.3.7 Existing ERW
- 17.3.8 Cooperation and Assistance
- 17.3.9 Generic Preventive Measures
- 17.4 Conclusion
- 17.5 Participation in Protocol V
- Appendix to Chapter 17
- 18 Non-International Armed Conflict
- 18.1 Introduction
- 18.2 The Treaty Law of Weaponry Applicable in NIACs
- 18.2.1 Applicability of the Early Treaties
- 18.2.2 ENMOD
- 18.2.3 Biological Weapons Convention 1972
- 18.2.4 Additional Protocol 1
- 18.2.5 Additional Protocol 2
- 18.2.6 Conventional Weapons Convention 1980 and its Interpretation
- 18.2.7 Chemical Weapons Convention 1993
- 18.2.8 Ottawa Convention 1997 and Cluster Munition Convention 2008
- 18.3 The Customary Law Position
- 18.4 Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court
- 18.5 Conclusion
- 19 Compliance with International Weapons Law
- 19.1 Introduction
- 19.2 Treaty Provisions Relating to Compliance
- 19.3 Legal Advice to Commanders
- 19.4 Domestic Legislation
- 19.5 Legal Reviews of Weapons, Means, and Methods of Warfare
- 19.5.1 The AP1 Obligation
- 19.5.2 Things Requiring Review and Timing of Reviews
- 19.5.3 The Rules that Are Applied
- 19.5.4 A Critique of the Criteria Suggested in the ICRC Guide
- 19.5.5 Data to Support the Weapon Review
- 19.5.6 Weapon Review Procedures
- 19.5.7 Ensuring that the Review Is Sought
- 19.5.8 The Reviewing Authority
- 19.5.9 Stages of Procurement When a Review Is Needed
- 19.6 Export Control Procedures
- 20 Technology, Humanitarian Concern, and the Future
- 20.1 Technology and Battlefield Advantage
- 20.2 Technology and Humanitarian Concern
- 20.3 Law Lagging Behind Technology
- 20.4 Law, Technology, and the Humanitarian Dimension
- 20.5 Technology and the Law: Which Comes First?
- 20.6 New Treaties for New Technologies
- 20.7 Technological Advance: Revisiting a Treaty
- 20.8 If Humanitarian Concern Does Not Lead to a Treaty
- 20.9 Bringing the Factors Together
- 20.10 Making Progress in Weapons Law
- 20.11 How Are Changes in Treaty Law Initiated?
- 20.12 The Role of States
- 20.13 Does Any of This Matter?
- 20.14 The Path to Progress
- 20.15 Conclusion
- Further Material