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Contents
- Preliminary Materiali0.5false
- Main Text1false
- Part One: Foundations
- A Historical Evolution of International Criminal Law
- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4
- 5
- I Prologue: The Versailles Peace Treaty
- II Breakthrough: The Law of Nuremberg and Tokyo
- III Confirmation and Standstill: International Criminal Law During the Cold War
- IV Renaissance: The Establishment of the United Nations’ ad hoc Tribunals
- V Consolidation: The ICC Statute and the Establishment of the International Criminal Court
- VI Current Developments
- B Concepts, Aims, and Legitimacy
- 88
- I The Notions of ‘International Criminal Law’ and ‘Crimes Under International Law’
- II Aims and Legitimacy of International Criminal Law
- III The ‘International Element’ of Crimes Under International Law
- IV The Legitimacy of International Criminal Law and Purposes of Punishment
- V Nullum Crimen, Nulla Poena Sine Lege in International Criminal Law
- VI The Principle of Personal Culpability
- C International Criminal Law and the International Legal Order
- 121
- I International Criminal Law and State Responsibility
- II Crimes Under International Law and Treaty-Based Crimes
- III International Criminal Law, Supranational Criminal Law, Cooperation in Criminal Matters, and Extraterritorial Jurisdiction
- IV International Criminal Law and Protection of Human Rights
- V International Criminal Law and the Law of International Criminal Procedure
- D Sources and Interpretation
- 151
- I Sources of Law
- II Subsidiary Means for Determining the Law
- III Individual Sources
- 167
- 1 ICC Statute
- 2 The ICTY and ICTR Statutes
- 3 The Nuremberg and Tokyo Charters
- 4 Control Council Law No. 10
- 5 Hague Regulations, Genocide Convention, Geneva Conventions
- 6 Decisions of International Courts and Tribunals
- 7 Resolutions of the UN General Assembly and the UN Security Council, and Reports of the UN Secretary-General
- 8 International Law Commission Drafts and Comments
- 9 Drafts and Comments of International Scholarly Associations
- 10 Decisions of National Courts
- 11 National Legislation
- 12 Military Manuals
- IV Interpretation
- V Determining and Interpreting the Law Through the International Criminal Court
- E Universal Jurisdiction, the Duty to Prosecute, Transitional Justice
- F The Relationship Between International and Domestic Courts
- G Prosecution of Crimes Under International Law by International and ‘Internationalized’ Courts
- H Prosecution of Crimes Under International Law by Domestic Courts
- I Domestic Implementation
- 372
- 373
- I The Need for Implementation
- II Options for Implementation
- III Forms of Incorporation
- IV Interpretation of International Criminal Law in a Domestic Context
- V The (German) Code of Crimes Against International Law
- A Historical Evolution of International Criminal Law
- Part Two: General Principles
- 428
- 429
- 430
- 431
- 432
- 433
- 434
- A Towards a General Theory of Crimes Under International Law
- B Material Elements
- C Mental Element
- 459
- 460
- 461
- I Jurisprudence of the ad hoc Tribunals
- II Article 30 of the ICC Statute
- III The Context of the Crime and the Mental Element
- IV Conclusion
- D Individual Criminal Responsibility
- 508
- 509
- I Towards a Doctrine of Modes of Participation in International Criminal Law
- II Commission
- III Instigation and Ordering
- IV Assistance
- V Assisting the Commission of a Crime by a Group
- E Superior Responsibility
- F Grounds for Excluding Criminal Responsibility
- G Inchoate Crimes
- H Omissions
- I Official Capacity and Immunity
- J Multiplicity of Offences
- K Requirements for Prosecution
- Part Three: Genocide
- Part Four: Crimes Against Humanity
- 866
- A Introduction
- B Contextual Element (Attack on a Civilian Population)
- C Individual Acts
- D Multiplicity of Offences
- Part Five: War Crimes
- 1028
- A Introduction
- B Overall Requirements
- C War Crimes Against Persons
- I Victims of War Crimes Against Persons
- II Killing
- III Killing and Wounding Combatants Who Have Laid Down Their Arms
- IV Offences of Mistreatment
- V Sexual Violence
- VI Humiliating and Degrading Treatment
- VII Compelled Service in Military Forces and Operations of War (International Conflict)
- VIII Slavery
- IX Forced Labour
- X Punishment Without Regular Trial
- XI Unlawful Confinement (International Conflict)
- XII Delay in Repatriation (International Conflict)
- XIII Hostage-Taking
- XIV Deportation or Forcible Transfer
- XV Transferring a Party’s Own Civilian Population into Occupied Territory (International Conflict)
- XVI Conscription, Enlistment, and Use of Child Soldiers
- D War Crimes Against Property and Other Rights
- E Employing Prohibited Methods of Warfare
- I Introduction
- II Attacks Against the Civilian Population
- III Terror Against the Civilian Population
- IV Attacks Against Civilian Objects
- V Attacks Against Specially Protected Objects
- VI Attacks on Persons and Objects Using the Emblems of the Geneva Conventions
- VII Attacks Causing Disproportionate Incidental Damage
- VIII Attacks on Undefended Non-Military Objects
- IX Perfidious Killing or Wounding
- X Improper Use of Insignia
- XI Giving No Quarter
- XII Starvation of the Civilian Population
- XIII Use of Human Shields
- F Use of Prohibited Means of Warfare
- G War Crimes Against Humanitarian Operations
- H Multiplicity of Offences
- Part Six: The Crime of Aggression
- 1432
- 1433
- A The Prohibition of Aggression Under International Law
- B Criminal Responsibility Under Customary International Law (War of Aggression)
- C The Crime of Aggression in the ICC Statute After Kampala
- Part One: Foundations
- Further Material5570.5false
- Appendix 1Materials5570.5true
- A ICC Statute (Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court)
- Preamble
- Part I
- Establishment of the Court
- Part II
- Jurisdiction, admissibility and applicable law
- Article 5
- Crimes within the jurisdiction of the Court
- Article 6
- Genocide
- Article 7
- Crimes against humanity
- Article 8
- War crimes
- Article 8 bis
- Crime of aggression
- Article 9
- Elements of Crimes
- Article 10
- Article 11
- Jurisdiction ratione temporis
- Article 12
- Preconditions to the exercise of jurisdiction
- Article 13
- Exercise of jurisdiction
- Article 14
- Referral of a situation by a State Party
- Article 15
- Prosecutor
- Article 15 bis
- Article 15 ter
- Article 16
- Deferral of investigation or prosecution
- Article 17
- Issues of admissibility
- Article 18
- Preliminary rulings regarding admissibility
- Article 19
- Challenges to the jurisdiction of the Court or the admissibility of a case
- Article 20
- Ne bis in idem
- Article 21
- Applicable law
- Part III
- General principles of criminal law
- Article 22
- Nullum crimen sine lege
- Article 23
- Nulla poena sine lege
- Article 24
- Non-retroactivity ratione personae
- Article 25
- Individual criminal responsibility
- Article 26
- Exclusion of jurisdiction over persons under eighteen
- Article 27
- Irrelevance of official capacity
- Article 28
- Responsibility of commanders and other superiors
- Article 29
- Non-applicability of statute of limitations
- Article 30
- Mental element
- Article 31
- Grounds for excluding criminal responsibility
- Article 32
- Mistake of fact or mistake of law
- Article 33
- Superior orders and prescription of law
- Part IV
- Composition and administration of the Court
- Article 34
- Organs of the Court
- Article 35
- Service of judges
- Article 36
- Qualifications, nomination and election of judges
- Article 37
- Judicial vacancies
- Article 38
- The Presidency
- Article 39
- Chambers
- Article 40
- Independence of the judges
- Article 41
- Excusing and disqualification of judges
- Article 42
- The Office of the Prosecutor
- Article 43
- The Registry
- Article 44
- Staff
- Article 45
- Solemn undertaking
- Article 46
- Removal from office
- Article 47
- Disciplinary measures
- Article 48
- Privileges and immunities
- Article 49
- Salaries, allowances and expenses
- Article 50
- Official and working languages
- Article 51
- Rules of Procedure and Evidence
- Article 52
- Regulations of the Court
- Part V
- Investigation and prosecution
- Article 53
- Initiation of an investigation
- Article 54
- Duties and powers of the Prosecutor with respect to investigations
- Article 55
- Rights of persons during an investigation
- Article 56
- Role of the Pre-Trial Chamber in relation to a unique investigative opportunity
- Article 57
- Functions and powers of the Pre-Trial Chamber
- Article 58
- Issuance by the Pre-Trial Chamber of a warrant of arrest or a summons to appear
- Article 59
- Arrest proceedings in the custodial State
- Article 60
- Initial proceedings before the Court
- Article 61
- Confirmation of the charges before trial
- Part VI
- The trial
- Article 62
- Place of trial
- Article 63
- Trial in the presence of the accused
- Article 64
- Functions and powers of the Trial Chamber
- Article 65
- Proceedings on an admission of guilt
- Article 66
- Presumption of innocence
- Article 67
- Rights of the accused
- Article 68
- Protection of the victims and witnesses and their participation in the proceedings
- Article 69
- Evidence
- Article 70
- Offences against the administration of justice
- Article 71
- Sanctions for misconduct before the Court
- Article 72
- Protection of national security information
- Article 73
- Third-party information or documents
- Article 74
- Requirements for the decision
- Article 75
- Reparations to victims
- Article 76
- Sentencing
- Part VII
- Penalties
- Part VIII
- Appeal and revision
- Part IX
- International cooperation and judicial assistance
- Article 86
- General obligation to cooperate
- Article 87
- Requests for cooperation: general provisions
- Article 88
- Availability of procedures under national law
- Article 89
- Surrender of persons to the Court
- Article 90
- Competing requests
- Article 91
- Contents of request for arrest and surrender
- Article 92
- Provisional arrest
- Article 93
- Other forms of cooperation
- Article 94
- Postponement of execution of a request in respect of ongoing investigation or prosecution
- Article 95
- Postponement of execution of a request in respect of an admissibility challenge
- Article 96
- Contents of request for other forms of assistance under article 93
- Article 97
- Consultations
- Article 98
- Cooperation with respect to waiver of immunity and consent to surrender
- Article 99
- Execution of requests under articles 93 and 96
- Article 100
- Costs
- Article 101
- Rule of speciality
- Article 102
- Use of terms
- Part X
- Enforcement
- Article 103
- Role of States in enforcement of sentences of imprisonment
- Article 104
- Change in designation of State of enforcement
- Article 105
- Enforcement of the sentence
- Article 106
- Supervision of enforcement of sentences and conditions of imprisonment
- Article 107
- Transfer of the person upon completion of sentence
- Article 108
- Limitation on the prosecution or punishment of other offences
- Article 109
- Enforcement of fines and forfeiture measures
- Article 110
- Review by the Court concerning reduction of sentence
- Article 111
- Escape
- Part XI
- Assembly of States Parties
- Part XII
- Financing
- Part XIII
- Final clauses
- Article 119
- Settlement of disputes
- Article 120
- Reservations
- Article 121
- Amendments
- Article 122
- Amendments to provisions of an institutional nature
- Article 123
- Review of the Statute
- Article 124
- Transitional Provision
- Article 125
- Signature, ratification, acceptance, approval or accession
- Article 126
- Entry into force
- Article 127
- Withdrawal
- Article 128
- Authentic texts
- B ICTY Statute (Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia) [Extract]
- Article 1
- Competence of the International Tribunal
- Article 2
- Grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions of 1949
- Article 3
- Violations of the laws or customs of war
- Article 4
- Genocide
- Article 5
- Crimes against humanity
- Article 6
- Personal jurisdiction
- Article 7
- Individual criminal responsibility
- Article 8
- Territorial and temporal jurisdiction
- Article 9
- Concurrent jurisdiction
- C ICTR Statute (Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda) [Extract]
- Article 1
- Competence of the International Tribunal for Rwanda
- Article 2
- Genocide
- Article 3
- Crimes against Humanity
- Article 4
- Violations of Article 3 common to the Geneva Conventions and of Additional Protocol II
- Article 5
- Personal jurisdiction
- Article 6
- Individual Criminal Responsibility
- Article 7
- Territorial and temporal jurisdiction
- Article 8
- Concurrent jurisdiction
- D SCSL Statute (Statute of the Special Court for Sierra Leone) [Extract]
- Article 1
- Competence of the Special Court
- Article 2
- Crimes against humanity
- Article 3
- Violations of Article 3 common to the Geneva Conventions and of Additional Protocol II
- Article 4
- Other serious violations of international humanitarian law
- Article 5
- Crimes under Sierra Leonean law
- Article 6
- Individual criminal responsibility
- Article 7
- Jurisdiction over persons of 15 years of age
- Article 8
- Concurrent jurisdiction
- Article 9
- Non bis in idem
- Article 10
- Amnesty
- E London Agreement of 8 August 1945 [Extract]
- F Nuremberg/IMT Charter (Charter of the International Military Tribunal) [Extract]
- G Tokyo/IMTFE Charter (Charter of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East) [Extract]
- H CCL No. 10 (Allied Control Council Law No. 10: Punishment of Persons Guilty of War Crimes, Crimes Against Peace) [Extract]
- I Nuremberg Principles
- J (German) Code of Crimes Against International Law [Völkerstrafgesetzbuch, VStGB]
- Part 1
- General provisions
- Part 2
- Crimes against international law
- Chapter 1
- Genocide and crimes against humanity
- Chapter 2
- War crimes
- Section 8
- War crimes against persons
- Section 9
- War crimes against property and other rights
- Section 10
- War crimes against humanitarian operations and emblems
- Section 11
- War crimes consisting in the use of prohibited methods of warfare
- Section 12
- War crimes consisting in employment of prohibited means of warfare
- Chapter 3
- Other crimes
- A ICC Statute (Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court)
- Appendix 2Table of Cases6170.5true
- A International Criminal Court
- B Yugoslavia Tribunal
- Rahim Ademi and Mirko Norac
- Zlatko Aleksovski
- Predrag Banović
- Vidoje Blagojević and Dragan Jokić
- Tihomir Blaškić
- Ljube Boškoski and Johan Tarčulovski
- Miroslav Bralo
- Radoslav Brđanin
- Ranko Češić
- Rasim Delić
- Miroslav Deronjić
- Vlastimir Ðorđević
- Dražen Erdemović
- Anto Furundžija
- Stanislav Galić
- Ante Gotovina et al.
- Ante Gotovina and Mladen Markač
- Enver Hadžihasanović and Amir Kubura
- Sefer Halilović
- Ramush Haradinaj et al.
- Goran Jelisić
- Miodrag Jokić
- Radovan Karadžić
- Radovan Karadžić and Ratko Mladić
- Dario Kordić and Mario Čerkez
- Vladimir Kovačević
- Momčilo Krajišnik
- Milorad Krnojelac
- Radislav Krstić
- Dragoljub Kunarac et al.
- Zoran Kupreškić et al.
- Miroslav Kvočka et al.
- Fatmir Limaj et al.
- Milan and Sredoje Lukić
- Milan Martić
- Dragomir Milošević
- Slobodan Milošević
- Milan Milutinović et al.
- Darko Mrđa
- Mile Mrkšić et al.
- Mile Mrkšić and Veselin Šljivančanin
- Zdravko Mucić et al. (‘Čelebići’)
- Mladen Naletilić und Vinko Martinović
- Dragan Nikolić
- Naser Orić
- Momčilo Perišić
- Vujadin Popović et al.
- Jadranko Prlić et al.
- Nikola Šainović et al.
- Vojislav Šešelj
- Duško Sikirica et al.
- Blagoje Simić et al.
- Milomir Stakić
- Jovica Stanišić and Franko Simatović
- Mićo Stanišić and Stojan Župljanin
- Pavle Strugar
- Duško Tadić
- Stevan Todorović
- Zdravko Tolimir
- Mitar Vasiljević
- C Rwanda Tribunal
- Jean Paul Akayesu
- Michel Bagaragaza
- Ignace Bagilishema
- Théoneste Bagosora et al.
- Théoneste Bagosora and Anatole Nsengiyumva
- Simon Bikindi
- Paul Bisengimana
- Casimir Bizimungu et al.
- Sylvestre Gacumbitsi
- Jean Baptiste Gatete
- Idelphonse Hategekimana
- Juvénal Kajelijeli
- Callixte Kalimanzira
- Jean Kambanda
- Jean de Dieu Kamuhanda
- Joseph Kanyabashi
- Gaspard Kanyarukiga
- Edouard Karemera et al.
- Édouard Karemera and Matthieu Ngirumpatse
- Clément Kayishema and Obed Ruzindana
- Fulgence Kayishema
- Justin Mugenzi and Prosper Mugiraneza
- Mikaeli Muhimana
- Bernard Munyagishari
- Yussuf Munyakazi
- Phénéas Munyarugarama
- Wenceslas Munyeshyaka
- Alfred Musema
- Tharcisse Muvunyi
- Ferdinand Nahimana et al.
- Simeon Nchamihigo
- Grégoire Ndahimana
- Aloys Ndimbati
- Emmanuel Ndindabahizi
- Augustin Ndindiliyimana et al.
- Augustin Ngirabatware
- Eliezer Niyitegeka
- Ildéphonse Nizeyimana
- Aloys Ntabakuze
- Ladislas Ntaganzwa
- André Ntagerura et al.
- Elizaphan and Gérard Ntakirutimana
- Dominique Ntawukuliyayo
- Pauline Nyiramasuhuko et al.
- Callixte Nzabonimana
- Georges Ruggiu
- Emmanuel Rukundo
- George Rutaganda
- André Rwamakuba
- Charles Ryandikayo
- Laurent Semanza
- Athanase Seromba
- Ephrem Setako
- Charles Sikubwabo
- Aloys Simba
- Jean Uwinkindi
- Protais Zigiranyirazo
- D Special Court for Sierra Leone
- E Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia
- F Special Panels for Serious Crimes in East Timor
- G Special Tribunal for Lebanon
- H International Military Tribunal (Nuremberg)
- I International Military Tribunal for the Far East (Tokyo)
- J Permanent Court of International Justice / International Court of Justice
- K US Military Tribunals at Nuremberg
- Josef Altstötter et al. (so-called Justice Trial)
- Karl Brandt et al. (so-called Medical Trial)
- Friedrich Flick et al.
- Ulrich Greifelt et al. (so-called RuSHA Trial)
- Carl Krauch et al. (so-called IG Farben Trial)
- Alfried Krupp et al. (so-called Krupp Trial)
- Wilhelm von Leeb et al. (so-called High Command Trial)
- Wilhelm List et al. (so-called Hostage Trial)
- Erhard Milch
- Otto Ohlendorf et al. (so-called Einsatzgruppen Trial)
- Oswald Pohl et al.
- Ernst von Weizsäcker et al. (so-called Ministries Trial)
- L European Court of Human Rights
- M Inter-American Court of Human Rights
- N Court of Justice of ECOWAS
- O National Courts
- 1 Argentina
- 2 Australia
- 3 Austria
- 4 Belgium
- 5 Bosnia-Herzegovina
- 6 Canada
- 7 Chile
- 8 Colombia
- 9 Croatia
- 10 Denmark
- 11 Finland
- 12 France
- 13 Germany
- a) Reich Supreme Court [Reichsgericht]
- b) Supreme Court in the British Occupied Zone
- c) Federal Constitutional Court [Bundesverfassungsgericht]
- d) Federal Court of Justice [Bundesgerichtshof]
- e) Federal Prosecutor General [Generalbundesanwalt]
- f) Supreme Court of the German Democratic Republic
- g) Other Courts
- Federal Social Court [Bundessozialgericht]
- Federal Administrative Court [Bundesverwaltungsgericht]
- Bavarian Highest Regional Court [Bayerisches Oberstes Landesgericht]
- Higher Regional Court of Frankfurt [Oberlandesgericht Frankfurt]
- Regional Court of Aachen [Landgericht Aachen]
- Regional Court of Frankfurt [Landgericht Frankfurt]
- Regional Court of Cologne [Landgericht Köln]
- Regional Court of Munich [Landgericht München],
- Regional Court of Ulm [Landgericht Ulm],
- a) Reich Supreme Court [Reichsgericht]
- 14 Guatemala
- 15 Iraq
- 16 Israel
- 17 Italy
- 18 Japan
- 19 The Netherlands
- 20 Nigeria
- 21 Norway
- 22 Peru
- 23 Poland
- 24 Spain
- 25 Sweden
- 26 Switzerland
- 27 United Kingdom
- 28 United States of America
- 29 Uruguay
- Appendix 3Table of Statutes and International Instruments6390.5true
- I Statutes and Rules of Procedure of International Criminal Courts
- 1 International Criminal Court
- 2 International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia
- b) ICTY Rules of Procedure and Evidence
- 3 International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
- 4 Nuremberg Tribunal
- 5 Tokyo/IMTFE Charter (available in extracts at Appendix 1, G.)
- 6 Special Court for Sierra Leone
- 7 Cambodia
- 8 Special Tribunal for Lebanon
- 9 Extraordinary African Chambers
- II Law of Geneva and The Hague
- III Other International Legal Instruments
- 1 African (Banjul) Charter on Human and People’s Rights of 27 June 1981
- 2 Constitutive Act of the African Union of 11 July 2000
- 6 American Convention on Human Rights of 22 November 1969
- 20 Declaration on the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearances of 18 December 1992
- 26 European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of 4 November 1950
- 27 ILO Convention (No. 105) Concerning the Abolition of Forced Labour of 25 June 1957
- 28 ILO Convention (No. 29) Concerning Forced or Compulsory Labour of 28 June 1930
- 30 Friendly Relations Declaration of 24 October 1970 (Annex to UN General Assembly Resolution 2625 (XXVI) of 24 October 1970)
- 33 International Convention Against the Taking of Hostages of 17 December 1979
- 34 ICJ Statute of 26 June 1945
- 45 Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances
- 53 International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination of 7 March 1966
- 55 Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts of 2001
- 59 Treaty of Sèvres of 10 August 1920
- 61 Convention on Special Missions of 8 December 1969
- 76 Princeton Principles on Universal Jurisdiction
- 78 Vienna Convention on Consular Relations of 24 April 1963
- 80 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties of 23 May 1969
- VI National Legislation
- 1 Argentina
- 2 Austria
- 3 Bangladesh
- 4 Belarus
- 5 Belgium
- 6 Bolivia
- 7 Bosnia and Herzegovina
- 8 Chile
- 9 Canada
- 10 China
- 11 Colombia
- 12 Costa Rica
- 13 Côte d’Ivoire
- 14 Croatia
- 15 Ecuador
- 16 Estonia
- 17 Ethiopia
- 18 Finland
- 19 France
- 20 Germany
- a) Act to Introduce the Code of Crimes Against International Law of 26 June 2002 [Gesetz zur Einführung des Völkerstrafgesetzbuches]
- b) Basic Law [Grundgesetz, GG]
- d) Code of Criminal Procedure [Strafprozessordnung, StPO]
- i) Judicative Act [Gerichtsverfassungsgesetz]
- k) Military Criminal Code [Wehrstrafgesetzbuch, WStGB]
- 21 Guatemala
- 22 Iraq
- 23 Israel
- 24 Italy
- 25 Japan
- 26 Latvia
- 27 Malta
- 28 Moldova
- 29 The Netherlands
- 30 New Zealand
- 31 Nicaragua
- 32 Paraguay
- 33 Peru
- 34 Poland
- 35 Russia
- 36 Rwanda
- 37 El Salvador
- 38 Serbia
- 39 South Africa
- 40 Spain
- 41 Switzerland
- 42 Tajikistan
- 43 United Kingdom
- 44 United States of America
- 45 Uruguay
- 46 Venezuela
- V Drafts
- I Statutes and Rules of Procedure of International Criminal Courts
- Appendix 4Index6630.5false
- Appendix 1Materials5570.5true
