We use cookies to enhance your experience on our website. By continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to our use of cookies. You can change your cookie settings at any time.
Find out more
Jump to Content
Jump to Main Navigation
User Account
Personal Profile
See all online law products
More
About
Subscriber Services
Guided Tour
FAQs
Help
Contact Us
Search
Browse all
Content type
Case reports
International court decisions
Domestic court decisions
European court cases
Arbitral cases
Commentary and analysis
Book content
Encyclopedia entries
Notes
International instruments and materials
Treaties
Supporting instruments
Institutional rules
Resolutions
Declarations
Model laws
Subject
Air law and law of outer space
Diplomacy and consular relations
European Union
History of international law
Human rights
Immunities
Individuals and non-state actors
International co-operation
International criminal law
International economic law
International environmental law
International humanitarian law
International law and international relations
International organizations
International procedural law
International responsibility
Law of the sea
Law of treaties
Relationship between international and domestic law
Settlement of disputes
Sources, foundations and principles of international law
Statehood, jurisdiction of states, organs of states
Territory
Theory of international law
Use of force, war, peace and neutrality
Author
Geographic region
Geographic Regions
Africa
Americas
Asia
Europe
Oceania
Organization
Organizations/Institutions
American Organizations/Institutions
African Organizations/Institutions
Asian Organizations/Institutions
European Organizations/Institutions
International Organizations/Institutions
Middle Eastern Organizations/Institutions
Pacific Rim Organizations/Institutions
My Content
(0)
Recently viewed
(0)
Save Entry
My Searches
(0)
Recently viewed
(0)
Save Search
Print
Save
Cite
Email this content
Share Link
Copy this link, or click below to email it to a friend
Email this content
or copy the link directly:
https://opil.ouplaw.com/abstract/10.1093/law/9780192895738.001.0001/law-9780192895738-miscMatter-8
The link was not copied. Your current browser may not support copying via this button.
Link copied successfully
Copy link
Sign in
You could not be signed in, please check and try again.
Username
Please enter your Username
Password
Please enter your Password
Forgot password?
Don't have an account?
Sign in via your Institution
You could not be signed in, please check and try again.
Sign in with your library card
Please enter your library card number
View translated passages only
Oxford Law Citator
Contents
Expand All
Collapse All
Preliminary Material
Dedication
Preface to the Second Edition
Preface to the First Edition
Contents
Table of Cases
International Courts and Tribunals
European Court of Human Rights
Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC)
Human Rights Committee
Inter-American Court of Human Rights
International Court of Justice
International Criminal Court
International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia
Kosovo Specialist Chambers
Special Court for Sierra Leone
Special Tribunal for Lebanon
US Nuremberg Military Tribunals
National Courts
Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Canada
France
Germany
Israel
Netherlands
United Kingdom
United States
Table of Legislation
International
National
Argentina
Australia
Austria
Canada
China
Chile
Colombia
Costa Rica
Ethiopia
France
Germany
India
Italy
Ivory Coast
Japan
Lithuania
Mexico
Panama
Pakistan
Poland
Rwanda
South Africa
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
United Kingdom
United States
Zambia
List of Abbreviations
Main Text
Ch.I Genocide
A Introduction
(1) Legal history and definition
(2) Protected legal interests
(3) Structure of the crime
B Actus Reus (Objective Elements)
(1) Protected groups
(2) The specific conduct elements of genocide
(a) Killing members of a group
(b) Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group
(c) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part
(d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group
(e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group
(f) So-called ‘ethnic cleansing’: an additional form of genocide?
(3) A context element in genocide?
C General Mens Rea (Subjective Elements)
(1) Killing members of a group
(2) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part
(3) Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group
(4) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group
D Specific Mens Rea (Specific Intent)
(1) General considerations
(2) Jurisprudence
(3) Dissenting views in the literature
(4) The structure- and knowledge-based approaches combined
(5) Consequences of the combined structure- and knowledge-based approach for other forms of participation in genocide
(a) The jurisprudence
(b) The correct view: a twofold distinction between top-/mid-level and low-level perpetrators on the one hand, and principal and secondary forms of participation on the other
(6) The specific elements of the specific intent
(a) ‘to destroy’
(b) ‘in whole or in part’
(c) ‘a group’
Ch.II Crimes against Humanity
A Introduction
(1) Legal history and concept
(2) Protected legal interests
(3) Structure of the crime (Article 7 ICC Statute)
B The Context Element
(1) General remarks
(a) From the war nexus to a policy element
(i) The Nuremberg Charter and Control Council Law No. 10
(ii) Post-Nuremberg developments
(iii) The ad hoc international criminal tribunals
(b) The rationale of the context element as a guideline for interpretation
(c) Conclusion
(2) Elements of the context
(a) Attack
(b) Widespread or systematic
(i) Systematic attack
(ii) Widespread attack
(iii) Alternative or cumulative approach
(c) Directed against any civilian population
(i) Population
(ii) Civilian
(d) Policy element
(i) The need for the policy element and the conduct required
(ii) Form, content, and manifestation of the policy
(iii) The entity behind the policy
(iv) The policy element and the underlying acts
(e) Subjective element
C Underlying Acts
(1) Murder (Article 7(1)(a) ICC Statute)
(2) Extermination (Article 7(1)(b) ICC Statute)
(3) Enslavement (Article 7(1)(c) ICC Statute)
(4) Deportation or forcible transfer of population (Article 7(1)(d) ICC Statute)
(5) Imprisonment or other severe deprivation of liberty (Article 7(1)(e) ICC Statute)
(6) Torture (Article 7(1)(f) ICC Statute)
(7) Sexual crimes (Article 7(1)(g) ICC Statute)
(a) Preliminary remarks
(i) Cultural conditionality and intersectionality
(ii) Criminalization, victims, and perpetrators
(iii) Increasing awareness and practice
(b) The Individual offences
(i) Rape
(ii) Sexual slavery
(iii) Enforced prostitution
(iv) Forced pregnancy
(v) Enforced sterilization
(vi) Any other form of sexual violence of comparable gravity
(8) Persecution (Article 7(1)(h) ICC Statute)
(9) Enforced disappearance of persons (Article 7(1)(i) ICC Statute)
(10) The crime of apartheid (Article 7(1)(j) ICC Statute)
(11) Other inhumane acts (Article 7(1)(k) ICC Statute)
Ch.III War Crimes
A General Observations
(1) Concept and protected legal interests
(2) Structure of Article 8 ICC Statute
(a) General
(b) Customary international law, Article 10 ICCS, and domestic implementation
(3) Existence of an armed conflict (context element)
(a) Basic concept
(b) Parties, including belligerency
(c) Intensity
(d) Territorial control?
(e) Temporal aspect
(f) Geographical aspect
(4) International, non-international, and internationalized armed conflict
(a) Basic concepts
(b) Different forms of non-international armed conflicts
(c) Special regimes
(i) War of liberation
(ii) War of secession/disintegration
(iii) Foreign intervention
(iv) Spillover effects and beyond
(v) Military occupation
(5) Relationship between armed conflict and individual crimes, in particular mental requirements
(a) The nexus requirement
(b) Legal nature of the context element
(6) Perpetrators, protected persons, and protected objects
(a) Perpetrators
(b) Protected persons
(i) General considerations
(ii) Limitations, especially intra-party violence
(iii) Special consideration: deceased fighter as protected person?
(c) Protected objects
(7) De facto combatants, membership approach, and direct participation in hostilities
(a) Loss of immunity from attack and membership approach
(b) Direct participation in hostilities and revolving door
B Individual War Crimes
(1) General
(2) Crimes in international versus non-international armed conflict
(3) Individual war crimes
(a) Basic offences against protected persons and objects
(i) Murder/wilful killing
(ii) Torture and inhumane treatment
(iii) Causing suffering and serious injury to body and health
(iv) Taking of hostages and unlawful confinement of civilians
(v) Sexual offences
(vi) Attacks on property and other rights
(b) Attacks on civilian population and objects (prohibited methods of warfare)
(i) Intentional attacks
(ii) Disproportionate attacks
(c) Others
(i) Prohibited means of warfare
(ii) Child soldiers
(iii) Due process violations
Ch.IV The Crime of Aggression
A Introduction: Historical Development, Concept, and Protected Legal Interests
B The Compromise at the ICC’s First Review Conference in Kampala
(1) The definition
(2) The exercise of jurisdiction
(a) The starting point
(b) The negotiations
(c) The final compromise
C Critical Analysis
(1) Preliminary clarifications
(2) The definition
(a) The dual nature of the crime of aggression and the threshold clause
(b) The reference to Resolution 3314
(c) The special offence character of the crime and the leadership clause
(d) The conduct verbs and the criminalization of preparatory acts
(e) The mental element
(3) The exercise of jurisdiction
(a) The trigger procedures and the role of the Security Council
(b) Activation of the ICC’s jurisdiction and jurisdictional limitations (Article 15bis(4) and (5))
D Final Remarks
Ch.V Treaty Crimes
A Introduction
(1) Conceptual remarks
(2) Deficiencies of multilateral conventions
(3) From transnational to international crimes stricto sensu: constitutive criteria
B Terrorism
(1) Definition and current state of codification
(2) The approach of the Special Tribunal for Lebanon
(3) Legal interests protected
(4) Individual responsibility and international prosecutability
(5) Conclusion
C Drug Trafficking
(1) Definition
(2) Legal interests protected
(3) Individual responsibility and international prosecutability
(4) Conclusion
D Piracy
(1) Definition
(2) Legal interests protected
(3) Individual responsibility and international prosecutability
(4) Conclusion
E Torture (as an Individual Crime)
(1) Definition
(2) Legal interests protected
(3) Individual responsibility and international prosecutability
(4) Conclusion
F Offences against the Administration of Justice and Sanctions for Misconduct (Articles 70, 71 ICCS)
(1) Article 70 ICC Statute
(a) Primary jurisdiction and cooperation
(b) Elements of the offence
(c) Case law
(2) Article 71 ICC Statute
Ch.VI Concursus Delictorum and Sentencing
A Concursus Delictorum
(1) The problem
(2) The rules of concours
(a) Merger or apparent concurrence
(b) True concurrence (concours idéal)
(3) Application to international crimes
(a) Hierarchy of crimes?
(b) The different elements (speciality) test
(c) Concrete application to international crimes
(d) The impact on sentencing
(i) Preliminary remarks
(ii) Comparative law
(iii) The international criminal law practice
(4) Conclusion
B Sentencing
(1) Preliminary remarks
(a) Sentencing ranges
(b) Consistency in international sentencing?
(2) Nulla poena sine lege: a fundamental but uncertain principle in international criminal law
(3) The applicable law
(4) Sentencing factors
(a) General factors, especially proportionality and culpability
(i) Equality, gradation, and (especially) proportionality
(ii) Prohibition of double counting
(iii) More consistency by appellate review?
(b) The gravity of the crime
(i) Written and case law
(ii) Doctrinal considerations
(iii) Delimitation from (mitigating or aggravating) circumstances
(c) Remaining circumstances (mitigating or aggravating)
(5) Towards a structured sentencing regime for the ICC
Further Material
General Literature
Index
Sign up for alerts
Table of Cases
From:
Treatise on International Criminal Law (2nd Edition)
Kai Ambos
Content type:
Book content
Product:
Oxford Scholarly Authorities on International Law [OSAIL]
Published in print:
08 July 2022
ISBN:
9780192895738
Prev
|
Next
[3.235.60.197]
3.235.60.197