We use cookies to enhance your experience on our website. By continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to our use of cookies. You can change your cookie settings at any time.
Find out more
Jump to Content
Jump to Main Navigation
User Account
Personal Profile
See all online law products
More
About
Subscriber Services
Guided Tour
FAQs
Help
Contact Us
Search
Browse all
Content type
Case reports
International court decisions
Domestic court decisions
European court cases
Arbitral cases
Commentary and analysis
Book content
Encyclopedia entries
Notes
International instruments and materials
Treaties
Supporting instruments
Institutional rules
Resolutions
Declarations
Model laws
Subject
Air law and law of outer space
Diplomacy and consular relations
European Union
History of international law
Human rights
Immunities
Individuals and non-state actors
International co-operation
International criminal law
International economic law
International environmental law
International humanitarian law
International law and international relations
International organizations
International procedural law
International responsibility
Law of the sea
Law of treaties
Relationship between international and domestic law
Settlement of disputes
Sources, foundations and principles of international law
Statehood, jurisdiction of states, organs of states
Territory
Theory of international law
Use of force, war, peace and neutrality
Author
Geographic region
Geographic Regions
Africa
Americas
Asia
Europe
Oceania
Organization
Organizations/Institutions
American Organizations/Institutions
African Organizations/Institutions
Asian Organizations/Institutions
European Organizations/Institutions
International Organizations/Institutions
Middle Eastern Organizations/Institutions
Pacific Rim Organizations/Institutions
My Content
(0)
Recently viewed
(0)
Save Entry
My Searches
(0)
Recently viewed
(0)
Save Search
Print
Save
Cite
Email this content
Share Link
Copy this link, or click below to email it to a friend
Email this content
or copy the link directly:
https://opil.ouplaw.com/abstract/10.1093/law/9780192868909.001.0001/law-9780192868909-miscMatter-6
The link was not copied. Your current browser may not support copying via this button.
Link copied successfully
Copy link
Sign in
You could not be signed in, please check and try again.
Username
Please enter your Username
Password
Please enter your Password
Forgot password?
Don't have an account?
Sign in via your Institution
You could not be signed in, please check and try again.
Sign in with your library card
Please enter your library card number
View translated passages only
Oxford Law Citator
Contents
Expand All
Collapse All
Preliminary Material
Acknowledgements
Contents
Table of cases
African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights
Eritrea-Ethiopia Claims Commission
European Court of Human Rights
Inter-American Commission on Human Rights
Inter-American Court of Human Rights
International Court of Justice
Contentious cases
Advisory Opinions
International Criminal Court
International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR)
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY)
International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals
Special Court for Sierra Leone
National Caselaw
Israel
United Kingdom
House of Lords
Supreme Court
United States
Supreme Court
Table of treaties
1863
1864
1868
1899
1907
1925
1926
1929
1937
1945
1949
1954
1966
1976
1977
1979
1980
1984
1989
1992
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2005
2008
2013
2014
2017
2019
About the authors
Main Text
Introduction: The Development and Significance of the Additional Protocols
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.10
0.11
0.12
The aim of the book
0.13
0.14
0.15
0.16
1 The Scope of Application of the Three Additional Protocols
Introduction
1.1
1.2
The scope of application of the Additional Protocol I
1.3
Material scope of application
In peacetime
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
Military occupation
1.9
1.10
Active international armed conflict
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
Proxy armed conflicts
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
National liberation struggles
1.20
1.21
1.22
Geographical scope of application
1.23
Temporal scope of application
1.24
1.25
The scope of application of the Additional Protocol II
The existence of a non-international armed conflict
1.26
1.27
1.28
1.29
1.30
1.31
1.32
1.33
1.34
1.35
1.36
The additional criteria under the Additional Protocol II
Dissident armed forces or organised armed groups fighting against the State
1.37
The armed group must exercise control over part of the territory of a State Party
1.38
The ability to conduct sustained and concerted military operations
1.39
1.40
1.41
Geographical scope of application
1.42
1.43
Who is bound by the Additional Protocol II?
1.44
1.45
1.46
Temporal scope of application
1.47
1.48
1.49
The scope of application of the Additional Protocol III
1.50
1.51
Concluding remarks and outlook
1.52
2 Fundamental Guarantees
Introduction
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
The prohibition of murder
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.10
2.11
The prohibition of denial of quarter
2.12
2.13
The prohibition of torture and other ill-treatment
2.14
2.15
2.16
2.17
2.18
2.19
The principle of non-discrimination
2.20
2.21
The prohibition of enslavement
2.22
2.23
2.24
The prohibition of collective punishment
2.25
2.26
2.27
2.28
The prohibition of hostage-taking
2.29
2.30
Fair-trial rights
2.31
2.32
2.33
Concluding remarks and outlook
2.34
2.35
3 The Protection of Women
Introduction
3.1
3.2
3.3
The prohibition of sexual violence in international humanitarian law
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
The prohibition of sexual violence under international criminal law
3.8
3.9
Sexual and gender-based violence as a war crime
3.10
3.11
3.12
Sexual and gender-based violence as a crime against humanity
3.13
3.14
3.15
3.16
Sexual and gender-based violence as genocide
3.17
Women and the death penalty
3.18
3.19
3.20
Concluding remarks and outlook
3.21
3.22
4 The Protection of Children
Introduction
4.1
4.2
4.3
Child recruitment and use in hostilities
The legal situation under international humanitarian law
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.10
4.11
4.12
4.13
4.14
4.15
4.16
4.17
4.18
4.19
4.20
4.21
4.22
4.23
4.24
The legal situation under human rights law
4.25
4.26
4.27
4.28
4.29
4.30
4.31
Child protection in armed conflict
4.32
4.33
4.34
4.35
4.36
4.37
4.38
4.39
4.40
4.41
4.42
4.43
4.44
4.45
The prohibition of the death penalty for child offenders
4.46
4.47
Concluding remarks and outlook
4.48
5 Protection of Detainees and Prisoner-of-War Status
Introduction
5.1
5.2
5.3
Detention in international armed conflict
5.4
The protection of civilian detainees
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
The death penalty
5.9
5.10
5.11
5.12
The duty and nature of humane treatment
5.13
5.14
The treatment of detained combatants
Protection of prisoners of war
5.15
5.16
5.17
5.18
5.19
5.20
5.21
5.22
5.23
5.24
The right to POW status
5.25
5.26
5.27
5.28
5.29
5.30
5.31
Irregular forces
5.32
5.33
5.34
5.35
5.36
5.37
5.38
Others entitled to prisoner-of-war status
5.39
Release and return of POW
5.40
5.41
5.42
5.43
5.44
5.45
5.46
Detention in non-international armed conflict
5.47
5.48
Arbitrary deprivation of liberty
5.49
5.50
The duty of humane treatment
5.51
5.52
5.53
5.54
5.55
5.56
Concluding remarks and outlook
5.57
6 Relief Operations
Introduction
6.1
6.2
6.3
The trigger for humanitarian relief operations
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
Consent to humanitarian relief operations
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
6.14
6.15
6.16
6.17
6.18
6.19
Implementation of relief operations and protection of humanitarian personnel
6.20
6.21
6.22
6.23
6.24
International criminal law
6.25
6.26
6.27
Armed non-State actors’ perspectives on humanitarian relief operations
6.28
6.29
6.30
6.31
Concluding remarks and outlook
6.32
7 The Distinctive Emblems
Introduction
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
A brief (tormented) history of the emblems
7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9
7.10
7.11
7.12
7.13
7.14
7.15
7.16
The protective functions of the distinctive emblems
7.17
7.18
7.19
7.20
7.21
7.22
7.23
7.24
The indicative functions of the emblems
7.25
7.26
Misuse of the emblems
7.27
7.28
7.29
Concluding remarks and outlook
7.30
7.31
8 The Rule of Distinction (Objects)
Introduction
8.1
8.2
The definition of ‘civilian object’ and ‘military objective’
8.3
8.4
The ‘nature’ of an object
8.5
The ‘location’ of an object
8.6
8.7
The ‘use’ of an object
8.8
8.9
8.10
8.11
8.12
8.13
8.14
8.15
The ‘purpose’ of an object
8.16
8.17
8.18
The requirement of definite military advantage
8.19
8.20
Civilian objects
8.21
8.22
The principle of distinction
8.23
8.24
8.25
8.26
8.27
8.28
8.29
8.30
8.31
8.32
8.33
Special protection of hospitals
8.34
8.35
8.36
8.37
8.38
Special protection of cultural property
8.39
8.40
8.41
8.42
8.43
8.44
8.45
Special protection of installations containing dangerous forces
8.46
8.47
Concluding remarks and outlook
8.48
8.49
9 The Rule of Distinction (Persons)
Introduction
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
The definition of ‘combatant’ and ‘civilian’
9.5
The definition of combatant
International armed conflict
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9
9.10
9.11
9.12
Non-international armed conflict
9.13
9.14
9.15
9.16
9.17
9.18
The definition of a civilian
9.19
The principle of distinction
9.20
9.21
9.22
9.23
9.24
9.25
9.26
9.27
9.28
9.29
9.30
9.31
Indiscriminate attacks
9.32
9.33
9.34
9.35
9.36
9.37
Loss of protection from attack as a consequence of direct participation in hostilities
9.38
9.39
9.40
9.41
9.42
9.43
Concluding remarks and outlook
9.44
10 The Rule of Proportionality
Introduction
10.1
10.2
10.3
The treaty rules of proportionality in attack
10.4
10.5
10.6
10.7
10.8
Proportionality in attack under general international law
10.9
10.10
10.11
10.12
10.13
The interpretation and application of the rule
10.14
10.15
10.16
10.17
10.18
10.19
10.20
10.21
10.22
The war crime of disproportionate attacks
10.23
10.24
10.25
10.26
10.27
10.28
10.29
10.30
10.31
10.32
10.33
10.34
10.35
10.36
10.37
Disproportionate attacks affecting the natural environment
10.38
10.39
10.40
10.41
10.42
10.43
10.44
10.45
10.46
Concluding remarks and outlook
10.47
11 Precautions in Attack and Defence
Introduction
11.1
11.2
11.3
11.4
11.5
11.6
11.7
Precautions in attack
The duty to verify a target is a lawful military objective
11.8
11.9
11.10
11.11
11.12
The duty to choose and use weapons and methods of attack with a view to minimising civilian harm
11.13
11.14
11.15
11.16
The duty to give an effective warning to civilians of an attack
11.17
11.18
11.19
11.20
11.21
11.22
Precautions in defence
11.23
11.24
The duty to remove civilians from the vicinity of military objectives
11.25
11.26
11.27
11.28
11.29
The duty to locate military objectives away from densely populated areas
11.30
11.31
Concluding remarks and outlook
11.32
11.33
11.34
12 Prohibited Weapons
Introduction
12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4
The right of parties to use weapons is not unlimited
12.5
12.6
12.7
12.8
Weapons of a nature to cause superfluous injury
12.9
12.10
12.11
12.12
12.13
12.14
12.15
12.16
12.17
12.18
12.19
12.20
12.21
12.22
12.23
Inherently indiscriminate weapons
12.24
12.25
12.26
12.27
12.28
12.29
12.30
Weapons that may be inherently indiscriminate
12.31
Inaccurate rockets and missiles
12.32
12.33
12.34
12.35
12.36
Biological weapons
12.37
12.38
Poison
12.39
Nuclear weapons
12.40
12.41
12.42
Landmines
12.43
Autonomous weapons
12.44
12.45
Cyber operations
12.46
12.47
Gravity ordnance
12.48
Weapons causing widespread, severe, and long-term damage to the environment
12.49
12.50
12.51
Prohibited means and methods of warfare
12.52
12.53
The legality of weapons must be verified
12.54
12.55
12.56
12.57
Concluding remarks and outlook
12.58
12.59
12.60
13 Terrorism and Acts of Terror
Introduction
13.1
13.2
13.3
13.4
Measures and acts of terrorism
13.5
13.6
13.7
13.8
13.9
13.10
13.11
Acts of violence intended to terrorise the civilian population
13.12
13.13
13.14
13.15
13.16
Terrorising civilians as a war crime under customary law
13.17
13.18
13.19
13.20
13.21
13.22
The definition of terrorism under international law
13.23
13.24
13.25
13.26
Threats to terrorise the civilian population
13.27
13.28
13.29
Counterterrorism operations
13.30
13.31
13.32
13.33
13.34
13.35
13.36
13.37
13.38
13.39
13.40
13.41
Concluding remarks and outlook
13.42
14 Starvation and Sieges
Introduction
14.1
14.2
14.3
14.4
14.5
14.6
The legality of sieges under international humanitarian law
14.7
14.8
14.9
14.10
14.11
14.12
14.13
14.14
14.15
14.16
14.17
14.18
14.19
The prohibition on starvation of civilians as a method of warfare
14.20
14.21
14.22
14.23
Concluding remarks and outlook
14.24
15 Reprisals
Introduction
15.1
15.2
15.3
15.4
The definition of reprisals and their exercise under customary law
15.5
15.6
15.7
15.8
Reprisals under the 1949 Geneva Conventions
15.9
15.10
15.11
15.12
15.13
15.14
15.15
15.16
15.17
15.18
Reprisals under the 1977 Additional Protocol I
15.19
15.20
15.21
15.22
15.23
15.24
15.25
15.26
15.27
15.28
15.29
Reprisals in non-international armed conflict
15.30
15.31
15.32
15.33
15.34
Reprisals and defences to war crimes charges
15.35
Concluding remarks and outlook
15.36
16 National Implementation
Introduction
16.1
16.2
16.3
The duty to adopt national implementing legislation
16.4
16.5
16.6
16.7
16.8
16.9
16.10
16.11
16.12
The duty to disseminate international humanitarian law
16.13
16.14
16.15
16.16
Orders to armed forces
16.17
16.18
Legal advisers in the armed forces
16.19
16.20
16.21
16.22
16.23
Duty to investigate possible breaches
16.24
16.25
16.26
16.27
Duty to suppress breaches of international humanitarian law
16.28
16.29
Concluding remarks and outlook
16.30
16.31
17 Application and Implementation by Armed Non-State Actors
Introduction
17.1
17.2
17.3
17.4
17.5
17.6
17.7
Armed non-State actors under the 1977 Additional Protocol I
17.8
17.9
17.10
17.11
17.12
17.13
17.14
17.15
Armed non-State actors under the 1977 Additional Protocol II
17.16
17.17
The problematic absence of a definition of ‘organized armed groups’
17.18
17.19
17.20
17.21
17.22
17.23
Core rules and noteworthy normative silences
17.24
17.25
17.26
17.27
17.28
Armed non-State actors under customary international humanitarian law
17.29
17.30
Challenges
Lack of compliance
17.31
17.32
17.33
The counterterrorism narrative
17.34
17.35
Concluding remarks and outlook
17.36
17.37
18 Application of International Humanitarian Law to United Nations Operations
Introduction
18.1
18.2
18.3
18.4
When do United Nations forces become party to an armed conflict?
18.5
18.6
18.7
18.8
18.9
18.10
18.11
18.12
18.13
What rules apply to United Nations forces that are party to an armed conflict?
18.14
18.15
18.16
18.17
18.18
18.19
Implementation of international humanitarian law rules binding United Nations forces
18.20
18.21
18.22
18.23
18.24
Concluding remarks and outlook
18.25
19 International Criminal Law
Introduction
19.1
19.2
19.3
19.4
19.5
19.6
War crimes in the conduct of hostilities
19.7
The war crime of attacking civilians
19.8
19.9
19.10
19.11
The war crime of disproportionate attacks affecting civilians
19.12
19.13
19.14
19.15
19.16
The war crime of attacking a person hors de combat
19.17
19.18
19.19
19.20
19.21
The war crime of making perfidious use of the red cross or red crescent emblems
19.22
19.23
19.24
19.25
Other war crimes
The war crime of unjustifiable delay in the repatriation of prisoners of war
19.26
19.27
19.28
The war crime of an unfair trial
19.29
19.30
19.31
19.32
Alleged war crimes
19.33
Concluding remarks and outlook
19.34
19.35
20 The Role of the International Committee of the Red Cross
Introduction
20.1
20.2
20.3
20.4
20.5
20.6
20.7
The humanitarian activities of the International Committee of the Red Cross under international humanitarian law
20.8
20.9
20.10
20.11
20.12
20.13
20.14
20.15
20.16
20.17
The action of the International Committee of the Red Cross in ‘other situations of violence’
20.18
20.19
20.20
20.21
20.22
20.23
Controversies and challenges
20.24
20.25
20.26
20.27
20.28
Concluding remarks and outlook
20.29
20.30
Further Material
Bibliography
Index
Sign up for alerts
Table of cases
From:
The Additional Protocols to the Geneva Conventions in Context
Annyssa Bellal, Stuart Casey-Maslen
Content type:
Book content
Product:
Oxford Scholarly Authorities on International Law [OSAIL]
Published in print:
04 November 2022
ISBN:
9780192868909
Prev
|
Next
[3.233.221.90]
3.233.221.90