1 Since the 1980s, videoconferencing (‘VC’) has found wider use in courts around the globe (Lederer, 2021, 303; Valchev, 2020, 656–58; Susskind, 2019, 57). VC refers to the use of video and audio transmissions to allow individuals in different physical locations to communicate by seeing and hearing each other simultaneously (Council of Europe, 2021, 2) (Hearings: International Courts and Tribunals). It permits remote communication not only through peoples’ words but also through their facial expressions and body language (Center for Legal & Court Technology, 2014,...
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