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- Preliminary Material
- Preface
- Foreword
- Contents
- Abbreviations
- List of Authors
- General Bibliography
- Travaux Préparatoires
- Table of Cases I—International Bodies
- France‐New Zealand Arbitration Tribunal
- International Court of Justice/Cour internationale de Justice (ICJ/CIJ)
- Permanent Court of International Justice/Cour permanente de Justice international (PCIJ/CPJI)
- International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia/Tribunal Pénal International pour l'ex‐Yougoslavie (ICTY/TPIY)
- Human Rights Committee/Comité des droits de l'homme (CCPR)
- Committee Against Torture/Comité contre la torture (CeAT)
- Iran‐US Claims Tribunal
- Table of Cases II—Regional Bodies
- Table of Cases III—Domestic Cases
- Table of Treaties and Instruments
- Main Text
- Part One Background
- Historical Development of International Refugee Law
- Bibliography
- A Introduction
- B Nansen Passport System
- C The 1933 Convention
- D The 1938 Convention
- E The Legal Legacy of the League of Nations Era
- Drafting History of the 1951 Convention and the 1967 Protocol
- Bibliography
- A Introduction
- B History of International Refugee Protection
- C The 1951 Convention
- D The 1967 Protocol
- E Evaluation
- Interpretation of the 1951 Convention
- Bibliography
- A Introduction
- B The Interplay between International and Domestic Law
- C Principles of Treaty Interpretation
- 12
- 13
- 14
- I Article 31 VCLT
- 15
- 16
- 17
- 18
- 19
- 20
- 21
- 22
- 23
- 24
- 25
- 1 Words to be Given ‘Ordinary Meaning’: Article 31, para. 1 VCLT
- 2 Object and Purpose
- 3 Good Faith
- 4 Context: Article 31, para. 2 VCLT
- 5 Subsequent Agreement: Article 31, para. 3 (a) VCLT
- 6 Subsequent Practice: Article 31, para. 3 (b) VCLT
- 7 Any Relevant Rules of International Law: Article 31, para. 3 (c) VCLT
- 8 Special Meaning: Article 31, para. 4 VCLT
- II Article 32 VCLT
- III Article 33 VCLT
- Regional Developments: Europe
- Bibliography
- A Introduction
- B Refugee Protection in the Context of the Council of Europe
- 7
- I Setting Standards by the Committee of Ministers and the Parliamentary Assembly
- II The ECHR and Jurisprudence of the ECtHR
- C Development of a ‘Common European Asylum System’ in the Context of the EU
- 33
- 34
- 35
- 36
- I Refugee Protection and EU Treaty Law
- II Secondary EU Law —Creating a Common European Asylum System
- D National Developments
- E Conclusion
- Regional Developments: Asia
- Bibliography
- A Introduction
- B 1951 Convention States
- C Non‐1951 Convention States
- D Evaluation
- Regional Developments: Africa
- Regional Developments: Americas
- Preamble to the 1951 Convention
- Bibliography
- A Function of the Preamble
- B Historical Development
- C Declarations and Reservations Made with Regard to the Preamble
- D Interrelationship of the Preamble with Other Provisions
- E Analysis
- I Recital 1 of the Preamble: Refugees and Human Rights
- II Recital 2 of the Preamble: The United Nations and Refugees
- III Recital 3 of the Preamble: Relationship to Previous Instruments
- IV Recital 4 of the Preamble: International Cooperation
- V Recital 5 of the Preamble: Humanitarian Nature of Refugee Protection
- VI Recital 6 of the Preamble: Role of the UNHCR
- F Evaluation
- Preamble to the 1967 Protocol
- Historical Development of International Refugee Law
- Part Two General Provisions
- Article 1 A, para. 1
- Bibliography
- A Function of Article 1 A, para. 1
- B Historical Development
- C Declarations and Reservations Made with Regard to Article 1 A, para. 1
- D Interrelationship of Article 1 A, para. 1 with Other Provisions
- E Other Relevant Norms of International Law
- F Analysis
- I Article 1 A, para. 1, sentence 1
- 1 ‘For the purposes of the present Convention, the term “refugee” shall apply to any person who …’
- 2 ‘… Has been considered a refugee …’
- 3 ‘… under the Arrangements of 12 May 1926 and 30 June 1928 or under the Convention … of 28 October 1933 …’
- 4 ‘… under the Convention … of 10 February 1938, the Protocol of 14 September 1939 …’
- 5 ‘… the Constitution of the International Refugee Organization’
- II Article 1 A, para. 1, sentence 2
- I Article 1 A, para. 1, sentence 1
- G Evaluation
- Article 1 A, para. 2
- Bibliography
- A Function of Article 1 A, para. 2
- B Historical Development
- C Declarations and Reservations Made with Regard to Article 1 A, para. 2
- D Interrelationship of Article 1 A, para. 2 with Other Provisions
- E Other Relevant Norms of International Law
- F Analysis
- I ‘As a result of events occurring before 1 January 1951 …’
- II ‘… and owing to …’
- 1 General Questions
- 2 Refugiés sur Place
- a) The Notion of ‘Refugiés sur Place’
- b) Refugiés sur Place under Article 1 A, para. 2
- c) The Notion of ‘Objective’ Refugiés sur Place
- d) Subjective Refugiés sur Place
- III ‘… well‐founded fear …’
- IV ‘… of being persecuted …’
- 1 Notion of ‘Persecution’
- 216
- 217
- 218
- 219
- a) General Issues of Interpretation
- b) Categories of Rights
- 2 Agents of Persecution
- 265
- 266
- 267
- a) State Persecution
- 268
- aa) Conduct of State Organs
- bb) Conduct of Persons or Entities Exercising Elements of Governmental Authority
- cc) Conduct of Organs Placed at the Disposal of a State by Another State
- dd) Excess of Authority or Contravention of Instructions
- ee) Conduct Directed or Controlled by a State
- ff) Conduct Carried Out in the Absence or Default of the Official Authorities
- gg) Conduct of an Insurrectional or Other Movement
- hh) Conduct Acknowledged and Adopted by a State as Its Own
- b) Non‐State Persecution
- c) Group Persecution
- d) Armed Conflict
- 1 Notion of ‘Persecution’
- V ‘… for reasons of …’
- VI ‘… race …’
- VII ‘… religion …’
- VIII ‘… nationality …’
- IX ‘… membership of a particular social group …’
- X ‘… or political opinion …’
- XI Specific Groups
- 1 Children
- 2 Gender
- a) General Issues
- b) The Notion of ‘Gender’, ‘Gender‐Specific’ Persecution, and ‘Gender‐Related’ Grounds of Persecution
- 3 Sexual Orientation‐Based Persecution
- 4 Persons Refusing to Perform Military Service
- 5 ‘Ecological’ Refugees
- XII ‘… is outside the country of his nationality …’
- XIII ‘… and is unable to avail himself of the protection of that country …’
- XIV ‘… or owing to such fear …’
- XV ‘… is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country …’
- 1 General Issues
- 2 The Concept of ‘Internal Flight Alternative’
- a) Notion
- b) ‘Internal Flight Alternative’ and Article 1 A, para. 2
- c) ‘Internal Flight Alternative’: Inherent Limitation of Article 1 A, para. 2 or Unwritten Exclusion Clause?
- d) Relevant Point of Time
- e) Standard of Required Internal Protection
- f) Protection by Entities Other than the Territorial State
- 3 Protection Within Third Countries—‘External Protection Alternatives’
- XVI ‘… or who, not having a nationality and being outside the country of his former habitual residence as a result of such events, is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to return to it.’
- XVII Applicants Possessing Multiple Nationalities
- G Evaluation
- Article 1 B
- Bibliography
- A Function of Article 1 B
- B Historical Development
- C Declarations and Reservations Made with Regard to Article 1 B
- D Interrelationship of Article 1 B with Other Provisions
- E Other Relevant Norms of International Law
- F Analysis
- I Article 1 B, para. 1
- 1 ‘For the purposes of this Convention …’
- 2 ‘… the words “events occurring before 1 January 1951” in article 1, section A ….’
- 3 ‘… shall be understood to mean either (a) “events occurring in Europe before 1 January 1951”; or (b) “events occurring in Europe or elsewhere before 1 January 1951” …’
- 4 ‘… and each Contracting State shall make a declaration at the time of signature, ratification or accession, specifying which of these meanings it applies for the purpose of its obligations under this Convention’
- II Article 1 B, para. 2
- I Article 1 B, para. 1
- G Evaluation
- Article 1 C
- Bibliography
- A Function of Article 1 C
- B Historical Development
- C Declarations and Reservations Made with Regard to Article 1 C
- D Interrelationship of Article 1 C with Other Provisions
- E Other Relevant Norms of International Law
- F Analysis
- I General Issues
- II Analysis: Particular Issues in Contention
- 1 ‘This Convention shall cease to apply …’
- 2 ‘… to any person falling under the terms of Section A …’
- 3 Article 1 C, paras. 1 to 4: The Meaning of ‘Protection’
- a) ‘Effective Protection’: Article 1 C, para. 1: ‘… voluntarily re‐availed himself of the protection of the country of his nationality’ and Article 1 C, para. 4: ‘… voluntarily re‐established himself in the country which he left or outside which he remained owing to fear of persecution’
- b) ‘Effective Nationality’: Article 1 C, paras. 2 and 3
- c) Procedures—Voluntariness, Intention, and Proof
- 4 Article 1 C, para. 5: ‘He can no longer, because the circumstances in connection with which he has been recognised as a refugee have ceased to exist, continue to refuse to avail himself of the protection of the country of his nationality’
- a) ‘… circumstances … have ceased to exist …’
- b) ‘He can no longer … continue to refuse to avail himself …’
- c) ‘… protection of the country of his nationality …’
- d) ‘… provided that this paragraph shall not apply to a refugee falling under Section A(1) of this Article who is able to invoke compelling reasons arising out of previous persecution for refusing to avail himself of the protection of the country of nationality …’ (the ‘Compelling Reasons Clause’)
- 5 Article 1 C, para. 6
- G Evaluation
- Article 1 D
- Bibliography
- A Function of Article 1 D
- B Historical Development
- C Declarations and Reservations Made with Regard to Article 1 D
- D Interrelationship of Article 1 D with Other Provisions
- E Other Relevant Norms of International Law
- F Analysis
- 25
- I ‘This Convention shall not apply …’
- II ‘… to persons …’
- III ‘… at present receiving …’
- IV ‘… organs or agencies of the United Nations …’
- V ‘… protection or assistance …’
- VI ‘… ceased for any reason …’
- VII ‘… without the position of such persons being definitively settled in accordance with the relevant resolutions adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations …’
- VIII ‘… ipso facto …’
- IX ‘… the benefits of this Convention’
- G Evaluation
- Article 1 E (Definition of the Term ‘Refugee’/Définition du Terme ‘Réfugié’)
- Bibliography
- A Function of Article 1 E
- B Historical Development
- C Declarations and Reservations Made with Regard to Article 1 E
- D Interrelationship of Article 1 E with Other Provisions
- E Other Relevant Norms of International Law
- F Analysis
- G Special Groups of Refugees to which Article 1 E Was Applied in the Past
- H Evaluation
- Article 1 F (Definition of the Term ‘Refugee’/Définition du Terme ‘Réfugié’)
- Bibliography
- A Function of Article 1 F
- B Historical Development
- C Declarations and Reservations Made with Regard to Article 1 F
- D Interrelationship of Article 1 F with Other Provisions
- E Other Relevant Norms of International Law
- F Analysis
- I General Questions
- II Article 1 F (a)
- III Article 1 F (b)
- IV Article 1 F (c)
- V Proportionality
- G Evaluation
- Article I Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees/Protocol Relative au Statut des Réfugiés
- Article 2 (General Obligations/Obligations Générales)
- Article 3
- Bibliography
- A Function of Article 3
- B Historical Development
- C Declarations and Reservations Made with Regard to Article 3
- D Interrelationship of Article 3 with Other Provisions
- E Other Relevant Norms of International Law
- F Analysis
- G Evaluation
- Article 4
- Bibliography
- A Function of Article 4
- B Historical Development
- C Declarations and Reservations Made with Regard to Article 4
- D Interrelationship with Other Provisions
- E Other Relevant Norms of International Law
- F Analysis
- G Evaluation
- Article 5
- Bibliography
- A Function of Article 5
- B Historical Development
- C Declarations and Reservations Made with Regard to Article 5
- D Interrelationship of Article 5 with Other Provisions
- E Other Relevant Norms of International Law
- F Analysis
- G Evaluation
- Article 6
- Article 7
- Bibliography
- A Function
- B Historical Development
- C Reservations and Declarations Made with Regard to Article 7
- D Interrelationship of Article 7 with Other Provisions
- E Other Relevant Norms of International Law
- F Analysis
- I General Questions
- II Article 7, para. 1
- 1 ‘Except where this Convention contains more favourable provisions …’
- 2 ‘… shall accord …’
- 3 ‘… the same treatment as is accorded to aliens generally’
- 69
- 70
- 71
- 72
- 73
- a) Aliens Law, Refugees, and Diplomatic Protection
- b) International Human Rights Law
- c) What Is Not ‘Treatment Accorded to Aliens Generally’
- III Article 7, para. 2
- IV Article 7, para. 3
- V Article 7, para. 4
- VI Article 7, para. 5
- G Evaluation
- Article 8
- Bibliography
- A Function of Article 8
- B Historical Development
- C Declarations and Reservations Made with Regard to Article 8
- D Interrelationship of Article 8 with Other Provisions
- E Other Relevant Norms of International Law
- F Analysis
- G Evaluation
- Article 9
- Bibliography
- A Function of Article 9
- B Historical Development
- C Declarations and Reservations Made with Regard to Article 9
- D Interrelationship of Article 9 with Other Provisions
- E Other Relevant Norms of International Law
- F Analysis
- G Evaluation
- Article 10 (Continuity of Residence/Continuité de Résidence)
- Introduction to Article 11 Refugees at Sea
- Bibliography
- A Introduction
- B Law of the Sea
- C The Principle of Non‐Refoulement —Application and Consequences
- I Extraterritorial Application of the Non‐Refoulement Obligation under Article 33, para. 1 of the 1951 Convention
- II Applications to Situations of Rescue at Sea
- III Interception in Internal and Territorial Waters of the State Carrying Out the Interception
- IV Interception on the High Seas and in the Territorial Waters of Other States
- V Consequences of the Applicability of the Non‐Refoulement Obligation under Article 33 of the 1951 Convention
- D Stowaways
- E Evaluation
- Article 11
- Bibliography
- A Function of Article 11
- B Historical Development
- C Declarations and Reservations Made with Regard to Article 11
- D Interrelationship of Article 11 with Other Provisions
- E Other Relevant Norms of International Law
- F Analysis
- I ‘… refugees …’
- II ‘… regularly serving as crew members on board a ship flying the flag of a Contracting State …’
- III ‘… shall give sympathetic consideration …’
- IV ‘… establishment on its territory …’
- V ‘… the issue of travel documents …’
- VI ‘… temporary admission to its territory particularly with a view to facilitating their establishment in another country’
- G Evaluation
- Article 1 A, para. 1
- Part Three Juridical Status
- Article 12
- Bibliography
- A Function of Article 12
- B Historical Development
- C Declarations and Reservations Made with Regard to Article 12
- D Interrelationship of Article 12 with Other Provisions
- E Other Relevant Norms of International Law
- F Analysis
- I Article 12, para. 1
- II Article 12, para. 2
- 1 ‘Rights previously acquired by a refugee and dependent on personal status, more particularly rights attaching to marriage …’
- 2 ‘… shall be respected by a Contracting State …’
- 3 ‘… subject to compliance, if this be necessary, with the formalities required by the law of that State …’
- 4 ‘… provided that the right in question is one which would have been recognized by the law of that State had he not become a refugee’
- G Evaluation
- Article 13
- Bibliography
- A Function of Article 13
- B Historical Development
- C Declarations and Reservations Made with Regard to Article 13
- D Interrelationship of Article 13 with Other Provisions
- E Other Relevant Norms of International Law
- F Analysis
- I ‘The Contracting States shall accord to a refugee treatment as favourable as possible and, in any event, not less favourable than that accorded to aliens generally …’
- II ‘… in the same circumstances …’
- III ‘… as regards the acquisition …’
- IV ‘… of movable and immovable property and other rights pertaining thereto and to leases and other contracts relating to movable and immovable property …’
- G Conclusion
- Article 14
- Bibliography
- A Function of Article 14
- B Historical Development and Drafting History
- C Declarations and Reservations Made with Regard to Article 14
- D Interrelationship of Article 14 with Other Provisions
- E Other Relevant Norms of International Law
- F Analysis
- I Article 14, sentence 1
- 27
- 1 ‘In respect of the protection of industrial property such as inventions …’
- 2 ‘… and of rights in literary, artistic and scientific works …’
- 3 ‘… a refugee shall be accorded …’
- 4 ‘… in the country in which he has his habitual residence …’
- 5 ‘… the same protection as is accorded to nationals of that country’
- II Article 14, sentence 2
- I Article 14, sentence 1
- G Evaluation
- Article 15
- Bibliography
- A Function of Article 15
- B Historical Development
- C Declarations and Reservations Made with Regard to Article 15
- D Interrelationship of Article 15 with Other Provisions
- E Other Relevant Norms of International Law
- F Analysis
- G Evaluation
- Article 16
- Bibliography
- A Function of Article 16
- B Historical Development
- C Reservations Made with Regard to Article 16
- D Interrelationship of Article 16 with Other Provisions
- E Other Relevant Norms of International Law
- F Analysis
- G Evaluation
- Article 12
- Part Four Gainful Employment
- Article 17
- Bibliography
- A Function of Article 17
- B Historical Development
- C Declarations and Reservations made with regard to Article 17
- D Interrelationship of Article 17 with Other Provisions
- E Other Relevant Norms of International Law
- F Analysis
- I Article 17, para. 1
- II Article 17, para. 2
- 1 ‘In any case, restrictive measures imposed on aliens or the employment of aliens for the protection of the national labour market shall not be applied …’
- 2 ‘… to a refugee who was already exempt from them at the date of entry into force of this Convention for the Contracting State concerned …’
- 3 ‘… or who fulfils one of the following conditions’
- 4 ‘He has completed three years' residence in the country …’
- 5 ‘He has a spouse possessing the nationality of the country of residence. A refugee may not invoke the benefit of this provision if he has abandoned his spouse’
- 6 ‘He has one or more children possessing the nationality of the country of residence’
- III Article 17, para. 3
- 1 ‘The Contracting States shall give sympathetic consideration to assimilating the rights of all refugees with regard to wage‐earning employment to those of nationals …’
- 2 ‘… and in particular of those refugees who have entered their territory pursuant to programmes of labour recruitment or under immigration schemes’
- G Evaluation
- Article 18
- Bibliography
- A Function of Article 18
- B Historical Development
- C Declarations and Reservations Made with Regard to Article 18
- D Interrelationship of Article 18 with Other Provisions
- E Other Relevant Norms of International Law
- F Analysis
- I ‘The Contracting States …’
- II ‘… shall accord …’
- III ‘… to a refugee lawfully in their territory …’
- IV ‘… treatment as favourable as possible and, in any event, not less favourable than that accorded to aliens generally in the same circumstances …’
- V ‘… as regards the right to engage on his own account in agriculture, industry, handicrafts and commerce …’
- VI ‘… and to establish commercial and industrial companies.’
- G Evaluation
- Article 19
- Bibliography
- A Function of Article 19
- B Historical Development
- C Declarations and Reservations Made with Regard to Article 19
- D Interrelationship of Article 19 with Other Provisions
- E Other Relevant Norms of International Law
- F Analysis
- I Article 19, para. 1
- 1 ‘Each Contracting State …’
- 2 ‘… shall accord …’
- 3 ‘… to refugees lawfully staying in their territory …’
- 4 ‘… who hold diplomas recognized by the competent authorities of that State …’
- 5 ‘… and who are desirous of practising a liberal profession …’
- 6 ‘… treatment as favourable as possible and, in any event, not less favourable than that accorded to aliens generally in the same circumstances’
- II Article 19, para. 2
- I Article 19, para. 1
- G Evaluation
- Article 17
- Part Five Welfare
- Article 20
- Article 21
- Bibliography
- A Function of Article 21
- B Historical Development of Article 21
- C Declarations and Reservations Made with Regard to Article 21
- D Interrelationship of Article 21 with Other Provisions
- E Other Relevant Norms of International Law
- F Analysis
- I ‘As regards housing …’
- II ‘… the Contracting States, in so far as the matter is regulated by laws or regulations or is subject to the control of public authorities …’
- III ‘… shall accord to refugees lawfully staying in their territory …’
- IV ‘… treatment as favourable as possible and, in any event, not less favourable than that accorded to aliens generally in the same circumstances’
- G Conclusion
- Article 22
- Bibliography
- A Function of Article 22
- B Historical Development
- C Declarations and Reservations Made with Regard to Article 22
- D Interrelationship of Article 22 with Other Provisions
- E Other Relevant Norms of International Law
- F Analysis
- I General Questions
- II Article 22, para. 1
- III Article 22, para. 2
- 1 ‘… treatment as favourable as possible, and, in any event, not less favourable than that granted to aliens generally …’
- 2 ‘… in the same circumstances …’
- 3 ‘… with respect to education other than elementary education …’
- 4 ‘… and, in particular, …’
- 5 ‘… access to studies, the recognition of foreign school certificates, diplomas and degrees, the remission of fees and charges and the award of scholarships …’
- G Evaluation
- Article 23
- Article 24
- Bibliography
- A Function of Article 24
- B Historical Development
- C Declarations and Reservations Made with Regard to Article 24
- D Interrelationship of Article 24 with Other Provisions
- E Other Relevant Norms of International Law
- F Analysis
- G Evaluation
- Part Six Administrative Measures
- Introduction to Chapter V: Requirements for Refugee Determination Procedures
- Bibliography
- A Introduction
- B International Law Minimum Standards for Refugee Determination Procedures
- 6
- 7
- I Instruments Issued by the UNHCR
- II Instruments Issued on the Regional Level
- III Instruments Issued by Non‐Governmental Organizations
- IV The Jurisprudence of International Courts and the Principle of Effectiveness
- V International Law Limitations on States' Right to Remove Persons from their Territory
- C Procedural Rights
- 44
- 45
- I Right of Access to Determination Procedures and Related Issues
- 46
- 47
- 1 Non‐Discriminatory Access to an Effective, Fair, and Individualized Proceeding
- 2 No Rejection at the Frontier
- 3 Temporary Access to the State's Territory
- 4 Access to a Legal Remedy
- 5 Access to Special Procedures for Vulnerable Groups
- 6 Limited Access to Proceedings Due to Measures of Immigration Control
- 7 Limited Access to Determination Procedures Due to Procedural Law
- II Procedural Minimum Standards
- 100
- 1 Requirements for the Examination of Applications for Asylum
- 2 Requirements for a Decision by the Determining Authority
- 3 The Rights of Applicants for Asylum
- 108
- a) The Right to Remain Pending Examination of the Application for Asylum
- b) The Right to a Personal Interview
- c) The Right to Legal Assistance and Representation
- d) The Right to Contact the UNHCR
- e) The Right to Liberty and Freedom of Movement
- f) The Right to a Written and Reasoned Decision
- g) The Right to Appeal
- 4 Requirements for Accelerated and Other Specific Procedures
- 5 Requirements for Withdrawal and Appeals Procedures
- D Substantive Rights During Determination Procedures
- E Evaluation
- Article 25
- Bibliography
- A Function of Article 25
- B Historical Development
- C Declarations and Reservations Made with Regard to Article 25
- D Interrelationship of Article 25 with Other Provisions
- E Other Relevant Norms of International Law
- F Analysis
- I General Questions
- II Article 25, para. 1
- 1 Administrative Assistance
- 2 ‘… the exercise of a right …’
- 3 ‘… would normally require the assistance of authorities of a foreign country to whom he cannot have recourse …’
- 4 ‘… the Contracting States in whose territory he is residing …’
- 5 ‘… shall arrange …’
- 6 ‘… by their own authorities or by an international authority …’
- III Article 25, para. 2
- IV Article 25, para. 3
- V Article 25, para. 4
- VI Article 25, para. 5
- G Evaluation
- Article 26
- Article 27
- Article 28/Schedule
- Bibliography
- A Function of Article 28
- B Historical Development
- I Instruments Prior to the 1951 Convention
- II Drafting History of Article 28
- C Declarations and Reservations Made with Regard to Article 28
- D Interrelationship of Article 28 with Other Provisions
- E Other Relevant Norms of International Law
- F Analysis
- I General Remarks on the Interpretation of Article 28
- II Article 28, para. 1
- III Article 28, para. 2
- IV The Schedule and Specimen Travel Document
- 75
- 1 Paragraph 4: Geographical Validity
- 2 Paragraph 5: Temporal Validity
- 3 Paragraph 6: Renewal, Extension, and Issue of New Document
- 4 Paragraph 7: Recognition of Travel Documents
- 5 Paragraphs 8 and 9: Visas and Transit Visas
- 6 Paragraph 11: Transfer of Responsibility to Another State
- 7 Paragraph 12: Withdrawal of the Travel Document
- 8 Paragraph 13: The Duty of Readmission
- 9 Paragraph 14: Conditions of Admission, Transit, Residence, etc.
- 10 Paragraph 15: Status of the Travel Document Holder
- 11 Paragraph 16: Diplomatic or Consular Protection
- G Evaluation
- Article 29
- Introduction to Chapter V: Requirements for Refugee Determination Procedures
- Part One Background